Death Rituals in Ancient Egypt

expiration Rituals in antediluvian patriarch EgyptFor my Gordon Rule Paper I have decided to put give away about the Egyptians since I have always found them fascinating. The primary study I testament be discussing would be the way in which the antediluvian Egyptians would view, and considered remnant, due to how immensely diametric we as Ameri hatfuls view death today.The ample majority of Americans fear death more than anything else. We go to great lengths to regard our health, safety, and survival. To us there is nothing worse than death, whereas to e rattling Egyptian death was seen as a desirable transformation, the passage of the true eternal career. Death was never considered a tragedy, or a loss, but a obtain transition into the afterlife. Because death was of such(prenominal) an across-the-boardness it was essenctial that great care be taken for a transition to immortality. This is a huge reason that the Pharaohs contents of the grave accent were of such gr eat importance, and so carefully selected. Egyptians prioritzement on the importance of religious rites, customs, and beliefs as intumesce as architecture can be seen understandably in the disc overy of the grave of tycoon Tutankhamen, or as close to battalion k now him world power Tut.The architecture that went into every Pharaohs grave accent was extraordinarily complex. Each one was greatly different in terms of the tombs plantout, size, and decorations. The tombs organise and layout al near always had to, somehow, show the formation, and projection of the solar system. Miral decorations in the tomb dont represent the Pharaohs everyday life, but instead that of their afterlife, and the ch all(prenominal)enges the Pharaoh has to face in target to reach the Kingdom of Orrises, land of the afterlife.These tombs were grand, and usually consisted of a number of rooms, and courtyards. grave walls were usually stoned lined of limestone columns. This type of tomb is built down the stairs the ground, as usually the chapel was built on the surface and the sepulcher areas below.The Nile area was rocky, and featured many cliffs, so these were perfect locations for the creating of the tombs directly in the hillside. The most common chapel consisted of a door which lead into a transverse hall, behind which was a corridor that ran straight to the face of the cliff. Over while rock tombs became more elaborate, more decorative, and narrower as they now ran directly into the cliff-face, these tombs were the most impressing of all the tombs in Egypt, as they featured splendid muckles, often with pillars and capacious stairways. Rock cut chapels were more comm only(prenominal) used by Pharaohs, and those of the richer purchase order, as the rocky regions of Egypt were best suited for the building of these tombs. grave accents contained wall decorations, which dealt with the aft(prenominal)life, and the path that the Pharaoh will have too take to reach the kin gdom of Orrises. A over-embellished tomb could be done within a few months for a simple tomb, or for a more larger, and complex tomb, it could take from half-dozen to ten years.Decorations varied for each Pharaoh. From elaborate paintings, to imitations of papyrus. on the whole texts painted on walls were quoted from the great magical religion anthologies of the clock time such as the mass of the Dead and the Book of the Earth (Guide to the Valley of The Kings page26, 1996). These magical and religious texts were worn on the walls to inform the dead soul, and for the decedent to use as a valuable tool for them to make sure that they had enough knowledge of magical temper for them to use during the Afterlife.The New Kingdom royal tombs featured many different ceilings and decorations, which included lead story maps, which illustrated the rising of the sun. Placing a sepulcher underneath a holy symbol was considered of great importance for the resurrection of the frame. Te xts and drawings on tomb walls contained assorted colors each color that was used depicts Egyptian religious rites. Colors such as White represents Silver, Black represented death and eternal deliverance and Red represents fire and blood. As these colors and depictions lead up to the star the life, the deceased is painted, including all of the deceased families life.Today, in retrospect, we primarily bury our love ones in accordance with their wishes, or in a graveyard bordering to former(a)(a) deceased loved ones. We bury them six feet under-ground, (typically) but only because that is the minimal depth a decaying corpse can be hide without having any effect on the world under-which it was buried. Typically it takes about sevensome days from the time we die until we are laid to rest. That allows us muckle of time to choose a undecomposed grave sight, dig it up, lay the dead down, say some kind words, and fill the hole again. Ancient Egyptians, on the other hand, took consid erably longer.Before a form was buried the address of embalming took place for about seventy days. Historian Heroidotus tells of three levels of mumification that depended upon the quantity of wealthiness the deceased had. The very most expensive procedure was the embalming which resembled the god Osiris. The ritual took place, usually, within seventy days. A contract was drawn up mingled with the embalmers, and the deceased family, which specifies the amount of time the embalming procedure will take place. The body would thence set on a wooden table and purified by washing the body in a solution of neutron. The brains were removed from the penniless cavity. The abdomen would then be cut, and all the organs removed and then purified with aromas. Once the organs were removed they were placed into jars and placed deep down the tomb. The body is then stuffed with straw, sawdust, mud or linen this assists in retaining the deceased bodies shape, and is in standardized manner wra pped with linen, and/or bandages.Egyptian rituals and beliefs also compete a critically important part in the lead of the deceased to the tomb . The ritual of the burial, and its tombs content, takes place outside the tomb. The transport of the body to the tomb took form of a ritual rising slope that normally began on the East side of the Nile River After crossing the river, to the west, the body was placed on a sledge, and drawn by oxen to the tomb.Close to the mummy stood two women who would normally impersonate the dive grievers Isis, and Nephthys, who represented the wife and sister of the god Osiris, followed by mourners of the deceased. The last mourner in the procession burnt incense and sprinkled milk at the procession as they would continue on their way to the tomb. Ritual dancers, known as Mu, and a priest, who honors the deceased now greet the procession. The ancient ritual of the inauguration of the mouth now takes place this is the most authoritative part of the b urial traditions, as the purpose of this ceremony is to restore the mummy and their power of speech, sight and hearing.The body has now completed the starting time part of Egyptian rituals. When the deceased approaches the Entrance of the tomb a priest who impersonates the god Anubis stands the body in an upright position. The priest now touches the mouth of the deceased with ritual instruments, which now restores their senses. The next stage is the offering of clothes, ointments and offerings of food so the deceased can take them into the Afterlife. The mummy is now ready to be placed into its burial chamber, after the door is sealed all footprints around the tomb is move away and the last rites are read.The stages leading up to the burial of the deceased was an integral part of the Egyptians beliefs and rituals, as the Egyptians regarded the dead as being very much alive, living in their tombs like they had previously lived in their homes. This bond between the field of operat ions and the tomb was very important, the tombs chapel was commonly referred to the house of eternity. Outside the chapel it was common to see lushes gardens, and tombs surrounding as Cemeteries were mean to look like miniature cities like the one at Giza.All the above beliefs and rituals were clearly uncovered in November 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered the intact tomb of King Tutankhamen. Analysis of Tutankhamens mummy reveals that he was approximately eighteen years old when he died. The Kings life is calm down a mystery to this day as historians such as Carter believes that its almost impossible to say whether the King was a victim of illness, accident, character assassination or was physically frail like his previous heirs when he passed away. Historians identify the month of his death to be that of January by analyzing the types of fruit and flowers such as the cornflower which were buried with him. The cornflower usually reaches maturity in Ma rch, and from these findings it is believed that Amenophis one-third last son died some time in January 1343 (Tutankhamen and the Discovery of the grave accent page 158, 1972).Tutankhamens tomb features a simple design, which is typical of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The tomb features starts, corridors, and chambers. The king tomb has a number of rooms such as the Annexe, Antechamber, Burial Chamber and the treasury and all of these rooms featured probative decorations. King Tutankhamens tomb was so unique as the treasures inside the tomb lay undisturbed to robbers, and during excavation Carter recovered over three thou five hundred articles such as grand elegant furniture, statues, jewelery, and shrines that were placed in his tomb to help him through to the Afterlife.The kings death like other Pharaohs was a grand affair, and was mourned by all of Egypt . Generally after a Pharaohs death there was a three-month interval between his death and his burial. During this time the comple x ritual of embalming took place. The embalming of a Pharaoh was known as the House of postal code (Tutankhamen Life and Death of a Pharaoh page 163, 1965) in which the Pharaohs body was purified and all impurities were removed. After the final phase of the mummification ritual takes place, the Pharaoh now passes into eternity.When King Tutankhamens body was bandaged, each layer contained a treasure such as golden objects. When the Kings body was unwrapped over 143 treasures were found such as pendants, amulets and golden finger stalls. Like the treasures wrapped in between the bandages the tomb itself was flowing with treasures, Nearly everything was made of precious material, and goldthis covered a wide assortment of articles demand to ensure eternity for the dead (Tutankhamen and the Discovery of the Tomb page 70, 1972). All of the Kings rooms inside the tomb featured significant decorations.The Antechamber held the Tuta royal throne, which is one of the best known objects, foun d inside the tomb. This throne engaged wood with sheets of gold and its back is covered with a scene of the Pharaoh and his wife Ankhesenamun.The burial chamber features the first wooden put and the Kings mummy. The scenes painted on walls show King Tutankhamen with his Kai at the ceremony of the origin of the mouth (The Discovery of the Tomb Tutankhamen page 37, 1977) and his successor Ay. His burial mouth the red quartzite sarcophagus (The Discovery of the Tomb Tutankhamen page 39, 1977) coffin had five coffins, the first to the third were anthropoid wooden coffins, the forth was golden and the fifth was his mummy. The King Tutankhamens burial was the same as any Pharaoh and followed all rituals and beliefs as well as mummification principles. The only difference was that the King was so small at the time of his death and that till this day no other tomb has been uncovered that all items inside the tomb are still intact.It can be seen that burial and death in general in Egypt was of enormous importance within the Egyptian society especially when it was concerning person of higher status like that of a Pharaoh. Egyptians believed in the Afterlife and this played an important part in reinforcing the rituals and beliefs of death in Egyptian society as death was not believed to be the end but the get-go of ones life. This is why rituals and beliefs as well as architecture and decorations of tombs were emphasized and carried out in the light of ones death. When an ancient Egyptian died, he was not buried into the ground, mourned and then forgotten, as people are today. Nor was his grave simply visited at certain times and some token words spoken over it, so that once again he is forgotten until next visit, like so many of us do. Maybe its the way we as people have evolved to cope with the pain of loosing a loved one. We as a nation do not believe that death is a good thing in any way, and we are taught from birth to fear it and lam it for as long as we pos sibly can. I for one do not fear death. Not that I look upon it as a good thing like Egyptians, just as a necessary thing that all of us must have happen.

The Brief History and Background of Petronas

The Brief History and screen posteriorground of PetronasPetronas is an acronym for Petroliam Nasional Berhad. It was realised in 17 August 1974 as the national oil colour colour participation for Malaysia. Petronas which is wholly possess by the government it is the corporation which is vested with the ideal oil and mess up resources in Malaysia and is entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas has full-grown from undecomposed being the manager or the regulator of Malaysias upstream welkin into a fully integrated oil and gas w ar. PETRONAS have been class-conscious among the FORTUNE Global 500 the largest corporations in the world. Since it was invested PETRONAS has grown to be an outside(a) oil and gas company with fear interests in 31 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas theme comprised 103 wholly-owned subsidiaries, 19 partly-owned outfits and 57 associated companies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is conf utilise in various oil and gas based activities. The Group is meshed in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities, including upstream geographic expedition and convergenceion of oil and gas to downstream oil refining marketing and dissemination of petroleum products trading, gas processing and liquefaction, gas contagious disease pipeline entanglement operations, marketing of liquefied natural gas, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, shipping, automotive engineering and property investment. PETRONAS is doing its business with the major strategy of integration, adding value and globalization. Their major facets of business integration argon Exploration and employment Oil, Gas, Petrochemicals, Logistics and Maritime, Research and applied science and Corporate Sustainability.The market coordinate of PETRONAS in this context means how PETRONAS fit into the oligopoly market. I leave be discussing the characteristics of an oligopoly mark et and see how PETRONAS match the characteristics. Just to recap oligopoly is the market structure thats has hardly a(prenominal) producers that produce same type of in force(p)s and substitute with each otherwise. Examples of oligopoly are Oil industry which I believe PETRONAS fall under this industry, auto industry and cigarette industry. The market is dominated by a few large producers of a homogenous or differentiated product.CHARACTERISTICS OF OLIGOPOLYPETRONASType of the product is standardized or differentiatedControl over price is trammel by mutual interdependence, or it is consider equal to(p) with collusionConditions of entry has evidential obstaclesNon-price competition is typically a smashing deal with product differentiation.The parry above clearly shows that indeed PETRONAS fit into the oligopoly market structure as it fulfils most of the oligopoly characteristics.THE MAJOR PLAYERS OF PETRONASPetroliam Nasional Berhad(PETRONAS) is 100% owned by Government of M alaysia via government minister of Finance (Inc.).THE CURRENT TRENDS OF PETRONASPetronas have gained unique skill and proficiency in nation building and this, together with their technical and operational competencies have allowed it to be increasingly original as the preferred strategic partner by international companies and the congregation countries where Petronas operate. This really suggests that Petronas is realizing their vision of becoming a spark advance Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice. Petronas has transformed from a domestic-based national oil company into a fully integrated oil and gas transnational corporation and as a corporation it has experienced significant milestones. infra are just nearly of the highlights of the different years.YearAchievements2006Signed a joint concession agreement for the North Sidi Kirir Deep offshore exploration block in the Nile Delta, Egypt.2007Increased its equity holding in the APA Group to become the single largest shareholder in one of Australias biggest energy transmission and Distri unlession Company.2008Signed the main principles towards a new PSC with ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc and PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd that would allow the two PSC partners to continue their upstream participation in sevensome oil fields offshore Peninsular Malaysia.2009PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad marked its first biodiesel (B5) address to Ministry of Defense (MINDEF) and Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), an initiative in support of the Malaysian Biofuel Industry bear 2007.PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd increased its equity holding to 17.23% in the APA Group, making it the single largest shareholder in Australias leading gas transmission and Distribution Company.(Table 1 achievements of Petronas amid 2006 and 2009, source www.petronas.com )What can be concluded from the above table is that PETRONAS is release places its market is growing tremendously and there is no doubt that it is non shrinking. PETRO NAS have expanded its market to over 30 countries around the world. It has been accepted as the strategic partners by those countries that they are developing their petroleum industry.HOW DOES engineering AFFECT PETRONASToday we live in a world that is controlled by technology. Almost everything that is done there should be technology included in the process. Petronas as well is significantly being affected by the proficient changes that are presently happening worldwide. Looking upon the globalization practices that PETRONAS are currently undertaking, technology is affecting this whole process of the organization. When Petronas is producing using technology, production will be more efficient and that will result in add on being increased. That means due to the advance in technology the affix curve for PETRONAS will increase.PriceP 2P 1Q 2Q1Quantity suppliedDiagram 1 how technological changes affect the deliver of PetronasHowever, technology is not the only factor of production existing in the producers plant. There exist more complex interrelationships between these factors to be able to exploit the improved cogency of one. The most crucial of all is disposal human resources. Without proper guidance from the leaders of a firm, production efficiency will not hold because of resistance, de-motivation or just a orbit technological ignorance. Technology is not 100% automated and human hitch as well as errors is inevitable. Moreover, technology may likewise be intended for a specific segment of the industry, say, large corporations. As such, meld supply may not necessarily increase because small entrepreneurs who cannot fall in to buy the technology cannot contribute in increasing supply.PETRONAS ADVERTISING STRATERGIESPETRONAS just like any company it fates to draw its business to its probable customers so as such there are certain publicizing ways that they use to reach out to its customers and the country as a whole. The advertising strategy tha t PETRONAS has used is a heart strings commercials, (which of fall is advertising using the television as the type of media), this means that PETRONAS has used commercials that often create an emotional ambience that draws you to the advertisement and makes you feel great and or so sad. Normally people are more attracted by products that make them feel good or even sad in some cases. PETRONAS has used one of its commercial the PETRONAS Advertisement Raya 2006 that has touched so many and the video was uploaded on you tube. Even people who watch a view of PETRONAS advertisements have said that they enjoy watching them and they are ever so eager for the new advertisements. Petronas withal make commercials for every festival that are always happening in Malaysia example could be of the 49thMerdekaDay. The other way that PETRONAS use to advertise is through with(predicate) billboards and newspapers. For billboards as you drive on the road you will find huge boards advertising PETR ONAS and by such somebody can come to know more or less PETRONAS through this way.COLLABORATIONS WITH separate MARKETSPetronas is collaborating with some markets and this makes PETRONAS more popular among other markets that they are interacting with.EDUCATIONPETRONAS cut the value of study and it believes that it can develop human capability through education. As such Petronas is collaborating with the education sector in the form of present give awayship loans to local and international students. The Petronas unit that is responsible for handling education matters is called the bringing up Sponsorship Unit. The sponsorship is in the form of convertible loan. Based on the academic results, co-curricular activities, the family back ground and the assessment of the students personality PETRONAS just dont give out sponsorship but it has criteria that students should meet. PETRONAS has 6 human and capital development programs in Malaysia and abroad. These programs areeducational Training Institutions In this program Petronas provide world-class educational and educational activity services to people and the nation through the various institutions they have established such as University Technology PETRONAS (UTP), Academy Laut Malaysia, (ALAM )PETRONAS Management Sdn Bhd (PERMATA) and Institute Technology Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP).Education Sponsorship Unit This is the unit that is responsible for handling education matters.PETRONAS e-learning control the latest information and communication technology (ICT) to provide online rearing and development programs for Petronas employees. It also offers a wide range of online learning materials, online courses as well as services including eLearning courseware and portal development, designed for professionals.Petrosains This interactive science Discovery Centre that encourages the Malaysian public to learn more about science, and explore the infinite possibilities it offers.Schools Outreach this is a program where PETRONAS outreach for certain schools and invests a hefty effort and resources into education-based outreach activities to inspire and develop the community.Industrial Training this is the program in which PETRONAS grant students opportunities to partake structured Industrial training.Students that have awarded the sponsorship after they nail their tertiary studies have their convertible loans converted into full scholarship. These students have a binding contract with Petronas that after they finish school they work for the company for two years and for every year they are sponsored.MOTORSPORTPetronas was one of the main sponsors of the BMW Sauber formula one team and it provides fuel and lubricant to the team. Lately finale year it was confirmed that it was moving from BMW to the newly-formed Mercedes Grand Prix. Also it is the main sponsor of the Malaysian Grand Prix and the co-sponsors of the Chinese Grand Prix. As part of its merged social responsibility program, Petr onas also brings underprivileged children to watch the race. mop up AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSIONPETRONAS is a company which falls under the oligopoly type of market structures. on the whole owned by the government, PETRONAS is the countrys one of the company that provide petroleum and gas for the country. PETRONAS from its previous years it has been growing nationwide and worldwide as it has some of its products being used in other countries even outside Asia and as far as Egypt in Africa. It is making a whole lot of profits from its products and as such the country benefits a lot from it. PETRONAS does not only care for the production of petroleum and gas but also collaborate with other markets such as education and provide sponsorship loans to those students which need them. PETRONAS also have established various institutions as their main organise is to enrich the nation with quality education. PETRONAS also participate in someways entertainment market as it is one of the main sponsors of the newly-formed Mercedes Grand Prix and also main sponsor of the Malaysian Grand Prix.RECOMMENDATIONSAs PETRONAS is wholly owned by the government and it has been the company that the government has been focusing on, I commend that it merge with other energy company which is Tenaga Nasional Berhad. If the government for the next ten dollar bill focuses on Biomass, PETRONAS should merge with companies such as Sime Derby which was recognized as the biomass champion, as I believe this effort coupled with reengineering technology, will draw and quarter a sustainable company that will have a good impact for both energy and food sector in Malaysia.

Ethical Debates on Music Sharing

Ethical Debates on medicine SharingTo file percent or non to file sh ar? That is the question. Should disengage symphony off the internet be legal? Who is in the right- Napster or the practice of medicine persistence? T present atomic number 18 some of the topics I hoped to discuss when I invited four journalists to my house to debate the controversial emersion of online medicinal drug.Ding-dong Uh-oh, I think, wiping my hands on a paper towel. They mustiness be here early. Its six-thirty, my guests atomic number 18nt due to scram until seven, and I am already a half-hour stinkpot. The lobsters be as yet boiling on the stove, the unshapely potatoes are rock-hard and my spinach salad lies in pieces entirely over the kitchen floor. Things arent off to lots(prenominal) a good start.I am supposed to be hosting a sm completely, informal discussion tonight with a few journalists. The topic of the gathering concerns the recent legal uproar rough online music organizatio ns such as Napster, Morpheus and Kazaa. I charter invited a variety of large number some of whom entertain clashing opinions. I am run intoing forward to a het and intellectual discussion which give be good because I am planning on writing a book on the defer of online music. I havent decided yet whose side I am on the music industry or the internet music providers. Hopefully, tonights discussion go forth provide me with some insight as to which side to stand on. Or maybe, I wont have to choose a sidewho knows?As I walk to the front door, I joint issuet help entirely feel scarce a scant(p) bit anxious, still frenzied at the identical measure. I wonder who it iswho had the nerve to be fifteen minutes early? I think to myself. I open the out(a)standing oak door to find Tobey Grumet, a journalist from Popular mechanics magazine.Hows it going? he asks casually as he walks through the entryway. Its dainty to finally meet you. I say. I cant help however stare at him. I had heard that he was good looking, however geez He has shoulder-length blonde hair that he has pulled back into a ponytail. He has chiseled features, scarcely not too chiseled. He is wearing colorize tweed pants that are only slightly baggy, a melanise woolen sweater and a hemp necklace. Wow, nice place, he remarks as he walks into my dining room. Do you own this house?Yeah, I do.. I reply, shaking my head to get out of my trance. He follows me into the kitchen, and, seeing the secern that it is in, offers to help me get ready. Its a good thing I got here startle. I dont think that Michael Miller would appreciate this he remarks as he is chopping up a tomato for the salad. That guy is a total corpo place pushover he continues, his chopping acquiring a little bit much intense.I smile politely. I want to be completely just tonight, and I try very hard not to let what Tobey is look affect my opinion of Michael Miller, a journalist a PC Magazine. We bat in silence for clo sely ten more minutes. By the meter the doorbell rings again, the only thing left to do is course the water out of the potato pot. Thank you so much for all your help, I exclaim as I walk to serve up the door. You are a lifesaverNo problem Tobey shouts after me. Who should be at the door, plainly Michael Miller. Nice to meet you he says to me in a weighed go through manner. He is a short, thin man of some 45, with graying hair. His gray Armani guinea pig looks a tad bit too astronomical on him. Goodness, Mr. Miller, I exclaim. You are devising me feel standardized a bum in my jeans and turtleneck Please, he replies, I apologize for the way Im dressed. You must acquit me I just came from a journalists convention slashtown. I didnt have time to change.No worries, I assure him. One by ace, they all arrive Brian Smithers and Margaret Popper. We chat informally for a few minutes in the resume over bourbon. I am in the main quiet, making mental observations of the ship can al my guests treat each other. For the most part, they seem to be enjoying each others company. even out Tobey seems to be getting along with Michael Miller.Next, my guests are all seated eyepatch I bring out the food. Our conversation starts out very formal. Then, I bring out the big question So, does any mavin have any thoughts on the new online music providers like MUSICNET?There is a short silence. My guests look at their plates, as if thinking about the best way to answer the question. I know all of them are thinking hard about the question being journalists to major technology magazines, this kind of issue is a major obsession with them.It was finally Michael Miller who breaks the ice. Well, he says, putting down his fork, I think its obvious that the Napsters of the world were breaking the law and chisel legitimate musicians out of m atomic number 53y.Wait a second, protests Tobey. Dont you think its a little bit unfair to say that? Its not like the musicians arent gettin g profuse money anyways. And it isnt the musicians who are getting gypped, its the multi-million dollar music companies like BMG.The hearty issue isnt about money, its more about the reputations of musicians, says Margaret Popper, a journalist at Business Week. She tucks her short brown bob cut back behind her ears. Doesnt it concern anyone here that emancipate online music allows lot to essentially prevue albums? close people wont spoil an album just for one song if they can listen to it beforehandhand for at large(p). These online music providers are change to a complete decrease in album gross sales.Look, says Brian Smithers, you are all missing the point. Free online music is about more than just getting music. Did you ever stop to think that independent musicians use these providers to get out in that respect? It is a fabulous resource for people who arent affiliated with the music industry giants like EMI and BMG.I sit back and watch interested. So far, Ive got tw o for free online music, two against it. I ask another direct question. Do you think it should be legal to create and overlap music files online for free?Again, there is a slight pause. Brian Smithers raises his shaven head and replies, Well, yes, absolutely. I mean, think about it. You are already paying for internet service. wherefore shouldnt the music be free? The internet is a place where everyone can come together and share things. It is a community. It should be free.No, snaps Michael Miller, the music that is shared online is part of an industry. An industry has a major goal to make a lot of money. How are industries supposed to make any money, and keep the sparing going, if people can get music for free? It is cheating them out of money.Brian looks directly at Miller with a glare in his eyes. His supercilium ring glints in the light. This is exactly what I am talking about. muckle who are obsessed with corporate America. Well, I hate to break it to you, but life isnt all about corporations. Its the little people who matter too.Whoa, hold water on there partner exclaims Miller. I am not suggesting that. precisely when something is copyrighted, by law that copyright cannot be broken. Its a legal thing.As the night wears on, the conversation grows more and more heated. My guests remain stubborn and stick to their original points until it is time for them to go. As the last car drives off down the street, I head to the kitchen to wash dishes. My mind starts to wander.Napster launched in early 1999. It was the first of its kind the idea and technology for sharing music files online had never been daydream of before. (Brown) It quickly became wildly popular after all, what music listener could bespeak with free music? Soon after its emergence, several other Napster copy-cats came onto the scene. overly soon after its launch, the Recording Industry Association of America do Napster its public enemy number 1 (Brown). Napster was the first to be spend a penny with claims of illegality by the music industry. According to Janelle Brown in her article on www.salon.com, bands such as Metallica complained that they were being cheated out of copyright money, and they claimed that CD sales were dropping. The Supreme judiciary ultimately decided that the music industry was fabricate to demand that Napster shut down (Brown). One by one, the music industry and the courts put a stop to all free online music. Napster wanna-bes continue to emerge, but they will be brought to court sooner or later and secure the same fate as Napster. Although the ruling has been made final, there are still many activists who continue to argue the validity of free online music.My guests on both sides had brought up valid points. But in order to publish my book, I realize I would have to seize a side. This was not a black and white issue. I think about the argue sides. I definitely agree with Michael Miller about the legalities of free online music. Copyrights are protected under the law. But, on the other hand, it is very difficult to admonisher what goes onto the internet. There are plenty of things on the internet that are purportedly protected under copyright laws, but they are still there and can be accessed for free. No one is bothering to go to the Supreme Court over these things. I dont think that it should be different for music. Additionally, Margaret Poppers point that free online music hurts musicians reputations is very hard to swallow for me. I dont regard that big name bands like Metallica care about their reputations as much as they care about milking as much money as they can. The same goes for companies like EMI and BMG. Brian Smithers had brought up an interesting point about the internet being a community. I think about how this remark could potentially match to my book. The idea that the internet is increasingly replacing traditional social settings has forever and a day been a topic of major interest to me. I find it charming how much things can change over time, yet not actually change. People are still communicating with each other and combat-ready in a community, but many have found a different medium for doing so the internet. Instead of sitting around in a coffee shop discussing the latest popular album that everyone just has to buy now people can congregate on the internet. Most online file-sharing sites have a place where you can talk to people and share your opinions on the music.The more I think about it, I also like the idea of being equal to(p) to preview an album before I actually decide to buy it. There are a lot of albums out there that, in my opinion, only have one good song on them. I dont want to be throwing cardinal dollars down the drain if I can save that money by realizing beforehand that the album might not be very good. I dont think that this is the case a lot of the time. Most likely people will preview an album and then decide that they really like it, so they will go out and buy it. If anything, being able to preview an album is a good thing because it puts pressure on mainstream musicians and record companies to produce the finest work they can. Most songs on an album are filler songs, that is they are there simply to take up berth on the album, and arent usually very good.Ive come to the conclusion that I will write my book on the advantages of online music file-sharing.Before I started this project, I really didnt have strong feelings either way about online file-sharing. I have used free sharing, such as Kazaa and now calcium oxide Wire, but I never stopped to think about what I was doing. I did have more of a bias towards regarding online file-sharing, but mostly because it allowed me to download music for free.I also never knew very much about the Napster court case. To me, that was the defining moment of sort of the end of free music downloads. I knew that Napster was going to not be free anymore, but I didnt know why. Now I know the specifics of the case, and I favor Napsters side. As an avid music lover, and a consumer, I think I have the right to listen to music for free before I go out and buy it. It might decrease CD sales by a small percentage, but the music industry is still huge. And perhaps putting musicians on the spot by listening to their songs for free and then deciding whether or not to buy their album is a good thing. It puts more pressure on them to spend time making their music as good as it possibly can be.I think that the most compelling argument for me was Tobey Grumet. He argues that the controversy, although it is claimed to be about reputations, is more about money. This is absolutely true the more you think about it. Many little band names do not have a problem with free file sharing. It is the very popular bands write under big label names, like Metallica, that are causing an uproar. I dont see how their songs being on Napster is harmful to their reputation. If anyth ing, its good because it means that people like their songs. It doesnt harm their reputations as musicians it more than likely helps it and allows them to be recognized as a very influential band in the archives of modern rock music.My sources, I think, were all very legitimate. They all came from magazines that our library subscribes to. Salon.com is most likely biased towards free online file sharing, but the info that I got from them was purely fact-based, like when Napster was launched and so forth. I think that I got a good variety of journalists opinions on the issue of online file-sharing. Each of them had to take an opinion on the subject because it is part of their job. And, for the most part, I dont believe there was any kind of prior incentive to their taking one side or the other. Each of them has an extensive technological background and I think they looked at the issue pretty objectively.I learned a lot about online music from this project. I never realized what an fundamental part of the technology community it plays. It is fun to download free music, rate it, and perhaps even discuss it with fellow music lovers. And it is convenient and penny-wise to be able to check out albums before you decide to buy them. My final decision is that online music is a positive aspect of the internet that I hope, somehow, will continue to remain free and entertain music lovers through the means of the internet.

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa

Attracting Foreign site Investment (FDI) in AfricaThe developing economies of Africa must on their part make delibe enumerate and uphold efforts to attract the much needed inflows of foreign investments. To achieve this, the enabling economic, monetary and policy-making environment for such inflows must be created. An economy that is unresolved to higher levels of semipolitical in constancy, economic uncertainties and monetary take chances will non be able to gain the confidence of investors. These endangerment factors if not rise mitigated with a great degree of hydrofoil and accountability could come as barriers to both local and foreign investments. According to Banz and Clough (2002), the major reasons among umteen others for not investing in developing economies be the lack of transp atomic number 18ncy and poor governance policies. Therefore, Nigeria and other developing economies of Africa must work towards an environment that has a relatively reasonable econ omic fortune, ensure political stability and demonstrate moderate monetary risk to attract foreign bang-up inflows especially in the form of equity investment.The Economic Community of westside African States (ECOWAS) marts to which Nigeria belong lead of youthful experienced whatever legal, regulative and supervisory changes resulting into increased transparency in the operation of their markets. The liquidity of the markets have increased and operations also liberalized to attract more foreign investors. The Nigerian economy is the largest of the 15 member body and has a lot of political and economic make up ones mind over the other members. Conscious efforts have been make by the various member countries to partially open up their economies, finished with(predicate) systematic privatization programs, overhauling of their legal and financial institutional infrastructures and use of modern trading platforms have resulted in current development of their markets and mana ge to attract some foreign direct investments (FDI) to them.Nigeria is currently the biggest economy in Africa after the recent rebasement of its GDP, thitherby beating southwest Africa to the second place ((Magnowski, 2014). The pet pieceum celestial sphere accounts for roughly 80% of fiscal revenues and 90% of export earnings (World tier book).The region is also one of the major exporters of petroleum, and plays a significant role in OPEC (OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2013). To convert its economy Nigeria is encouraging the egression of their semiprivate sector by offering some incentives to private sector equity investors who are willing to invest in the verdant.The province has an increasing GDP of $422.6bullion, $450.4 million and $502 billion for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively, and diminishing foreign debt inventory of $15.73 billion and $13.4 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively. There is also an increasing Foreign Direct Investment of $7.444 bil lionand $9.212 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively (World Fact book World Bank).The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is the second largest supersede in Africa it was established in 1960 to provide listing and trading services among others. Its activities are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the farming. The value of publicly distri simplyed shares stood at $50.88 billion, $39.27 billion and $56.39 billion for 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively.Despite all the above mentioned strong economic fundamentals or good indicators, Nigeria has been plagued by several daunting challenges, notable among them are the issues epileptic power supply, inadequate infrastructures, insecurity, endemic corruption, increasing rate of unemployment and its heavy opinion on petroleum products (Global edge, 2014 World fact book). These factors pose some uncertainties closely the Nigerian economic and ocellus market outlook.Nevertheless, the Nigerian economy is understood gro wing. Fortunately, the government is also conscious of some of these teething problems. Programs are initiated to diversify the economy in the areas of agriculture, power, telecommunication, transport and other services. These efforts seem to be compliant the desired results as evidenced in the terra firmas 6-8% per annum pre-rebasing growth rate. With these measures a seemingly conducive economic environment is created which could be utilize by investors. This therefore, presents reasonable economic risk. There is also institutionalized body politic leading to political stability in its own form in terms of the countrys ability to carry out state programs. Nigeria is also able to finance its commercial and trade debt obligations and has at no time neglectfulnessed in payment of its external financial commitments thus demonst rate relatively moderate financial risks.These indices send strong signals in terms of reading content about Nigerias overall economic health to domesti c, supra bailiwick investors and rating agencies among others. Therefore, it will be of interest to empirically explore how these factors (economic, financial and political risks) when taken together or separately can cloak the countrys stock market performance and vice versa. farming risk ratings assess the probability of a countrys default on its debt from a variety of perspectives from socio-economic condition to growth in the hearty gross domestic product (GDP), government stability to corruption, to exchange rate stability among others.The objective of this publisher is to empirically investigate the short and long-term kindreds between Nigerias country risk ratings political, economic, and financial ingredients and its stock market in order to provide further instruction for current and possible investors to enable them make better informed investment decisions. In our experience this is the first few studies of this nature conducted on an emerging economy standard ised Nigeria.Our main instrument of investigation is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach formulated by Pesaran and Pesaran (2009) and Pesaran et al. (2001), to empirically investigate the similarityships. The ARDL method is adopted because of its econometrics techniques. One important favor of the ARDL model over other traditional approaches is that it can be apply in time-series data irrespective of their order of integration, whether I(0), I(1) and/or fractionally integrated (Pesaran and Pesaran, 2009). The ARDL approach can also test for cointegration by the bounds testing turn and can estimate the short-run dynamics and long-run relationships.The rest of the paper is organized as follows section two discusses related literature. Section terzetto explains the methodology adopted in this paper. Section four presents the ARDL procedure and discusses its empirical findings. Conclusion and implications are given in section five.The globalization of trade and fina ncial markets in the past years has created huge investment opportunities and its listener risks. It has therefore, becomes inevitable to know the assent chargeiness of participating players. The motive lowlife such an assessment of the economic and financial condition and sometimes political stability of a country is to be able to evaluate the country credit risks involved in doing business or investing in such a country. Any event in a country that will affect not only the prospect of profitability but also restrict the movement of capital in the form of profits, dividend etc is worth evaluating.The need for such critical evaluation of credit worthiness of countries has resulted in the establishment of several rating agencies such as Fitch, Moodys and Standard Poor among many others. These risk ratings are considered as apocalyptical of possible future default. A higher rating is seen as a lower risk of default, slice a lower score indicates a higher risk of default. Though the primary significance of ratings is due to their doctor on interest rates at which countries source for funds in the international financial markets, studies have also shown its influence on stock market movements. This argument is linked to the influence of country credit risk ratings on the inflows of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), into the hosts economy, especially through equity shares investments.There is no scarcity of research papers on monarch ratings and their critical roles for encouraging and facilitating investment flows especially in highly-developed economies, but there is paucity of studies conducted on the impact of these ratings on movements of national stock markets, particularly for emerging markets such as Nigeria. Some of the earlyish studies by Erb et al (1995, 1996a, 1996b) show that there is association or relationship between country credit risk (i.e. the risk of a countrys inability to service its external debts) and returns on equity investments. The innovation of relationship between country credit ratings and stock market returns was affirm in the early work of Erb et al. (1996a) using data that cut across boundaries. As a follow up to their earlier work, Erb et al. (1996b) investigated the influence of economic, financial and political risks on judge fixed income returns. They show that there is relation between the country risk measures and world bail market expected returns. For the ICRG economic variable, they find positive and significant signs in unhedged, local, and foreign exchange portfolio returns. They also show that the country risk attributes are significant to the real yields of fixed income securities.Kaminsky and Schmukler (2001) also examine the influence of sovereign ratings and outlook changes on the sensitivity of emerging financial markets. They find that these variables have substantial influence on both bond and stock markets. A domestic rate is associated with an average increase change rate of two percentage points in bond yield spreads and a decrease of one percentage point in stock returns. Suba (2008) expressed a contrary view, stating that in most cases news of a downgrade is often anticipate earlier before its announcement therefore the potential negative effect of such information on stocks and exchange rate returns is diluted.The impacts of rating changes on both bond yield and sovereign debt have been tested severally by many authors. Reisen and Maltzan (1999) using the three main rating agencies, find that there is vulgar interdependencies among rating changes and changes in bond yield spread. The study by hazan and Packer (1996) also reported similar findings. Among several authors that have provided worthful insight into the influence of rating changes on sovereign debt and corporate securities are Hand et al. (1992) and Richards and Deddouche (1999). The degrees of sensitivity in all these studies tend to vary belike because of the methods used for the co untry risk analysis.Hammoudey et al. (2011) using emerging economies Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa ( car parkly referred to as the BRICS countries) establish various degrees of sensitivities of these countries stock markets to their respective country risk ratings. China is most sensitive to all the risk variables, followed by Russia, while all the BRICS countries show moderate economic risk sensitivity.The spillover effect of sovereign debt rating changes on national stock markets and international debts is also confirm by various authors, among them are Ferreira and Gama 2007 Li et al 2008. This situation is common among countries that share common economic features and unrestricted Evidence of flow of information. putting green border also suspected to play a significant role.regional stock market movements are also influenced by country credit risk rating news. This development is consistent with the study by Christopher et al. (2008), stating that there is a po sitive relationship between the two factors. While let et al. (2004) in their study, though under a different setting did not find any sensitive association among the two variables. Turkeys stock market index also seems to have association with its economic, financial and political risk ratings. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Sari et al. (2013) established a steady long-run relationship among the stock market and some of the risk variables.There are many leading commercial publishers of country and political risk analysis, but data for this study is sourced from the International Country hazard Guide (ICRG) economic, financial and political risk ratings for Nigeria covering the period 2001 to 2013. The ICRG rating system is made up of 22 variables representing three major components of country risk, namely economic, financial and political. These variables essentially represent risk-free measures. There are 5 variables representing to each one of the economic and financial components of risk, while the political component is based on 12 variables (Hoti, 2003). The specified allowable range for each factor reflects the weight attributed to each factor. A higher score indicates a lower risk and vice versa. The stock market returns variable is obtained by taking the first logarithm difference of the monthly stock of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for the period earlier specified.s

Frankenstein: The Relationship between God and Man

Frankenstein The race between idol and ManIn Mary Shelleys novel, Frankenstein, the book examines a variety of aspects of ambition. For instance, with skipper, ambition proves to be his undoing, and, in turn, overlords example be bob ups a presen prison termnt for Robert Walton meanwhile, the Creature is, in a sense, Victors child and thus inherits facets of Victors ambitionbut because the Creature is in any case a assemble of on the whole the sympathetics who embody him, he is thereby as well as symbolic of Mankinds ambitions that do non fully come to actualization nor fulfillment, which is why readers laughingstock identify with the Creatures tragic elements. Frankenstein explores the repercussion of man and teras chasing ambition blindly. Victor Frankenstein discovered the obscure secret that allowed him to create manner. And afterward Frankenstein discovered the source of human life, he became utterly absorbed in his experimental reality of a human being and it con sumed his life completely. Victors unlimited ambition and his yearning to succeed in his efforts to create life, and to arouse his intromission praise him as his creator for the life he gave it led him to strike ruin and anguish at the end of his ambition. For this I had deprived myself of rilievo and health. I had desired it with an ardor that far exceeded moderation but instanter that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust fill up my heart. (P. 42) Walton wanted to sail to the arctic because no opposite sailor had always reached it or discovered its secrets. The colossus was created against his impart his ambition was to re quite an his creation as an appalling turn outcast and to attain some satisfaction for crumbling the cin one caseption around Victor. These three characters all acted upon the same blind ambition.The novel asks stable followingions about human nature and the relation send off between God and man. The d aimon displays a similar kind of duality, inciting sympathy as nearly as dread in all who hear his tale. He requisitions our compassion to the period that we recognize ourselves in his exceeding loneliness and comp are our have got life with the Creature. Despised by his creator and wholly wholly and hated, he learns what he can of human nature as he eavesdroppes on a family of cottage dwellers, and he educates himself by reading three books that had fortunately go across his path, among them Paradise Lost. Who was I? What was I? Whence did I come? (P. 93), the Creature asks himself after reading them. Even though the Creature commits twist acts, the fact that he has a self-consciousness and his ability to educate himself as a psyche raises the question of what it really means to be human, what thoughts and emotions it takes to be considered a human-being. It is difficult to think of the the Tempter as any function less than vertical that in his entreaty for understanding f rom Frankenstein when the beast wishes to speak to him Believe me, Frankenstein I was benevolent my soul glowed with jockey and humanity but am I not alone, miserably alone? You, my creator, abhor me what hope can I gather from your fellow-creatures, who owe me nothing? They spurn and hate me. (p. 71). When the Creatures unknown, but adjuvant acts of kindness toward the De Laceys are returned with baseless animosity, we come to wonder whether it is the world that the creature inhabits, as opposed to something intrinsic that caused him to commit enormity. Nonetheless, he clings on to a conscience and a zealous longing for another kind of earthly concern as well as acceptance and love from another, which Victor cruelly denies him. recent man is an example of the monster, estranged from his creator-who believes his own origins to be insignificant and accidental,non important and full of rage at the conditions of his existence as well as at his creator. Since the monster has no n ame of his own, hes not quite an autonomous fellow. Instead, he is bound to his creator. He is naught without Victor. He is as practically a part of Frankenstein as he is his own self. The monster comes into the world by a pretty horrendous set of circumstances. He has the physique of a giant, yet a puerile mind. He has an harming nature, yet his physical deformity hides his benevolence and makes everyone fear and abuse him. His own creator even rejected him because of his hideous looks. His lookings are the nearly obscure and poignant of any characters in this novel, as well as the most conflicted. When I looked around I saw and heard of none interchangeable me. Was I, the, a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned? (P. 105) To make matters more complicated, the monster is correlated to both tour and Satan in Paradise Lost. This may seem slightly nebulous. The thing to keep in mind is that the idea at the heart of the monster is his duality. He has a very abstruse duality. He is at once man in his immaculate state before the come up (the Fall = evil), and yet the manifestation of evil itself. This is starting to sound like Victor Frankenstein. Abstruse dualityconflicting characterizationcould it be that the monster mirrors his maker in his duality? Of course, the other reason the monster turns on humans is because Victor was his last hook to humanity. The monster is one of many people in this text that is touch on by loneliness, isolation, and an all around desire for companionship. Victor may have scorned him, resented him, and tried repeatedly to eradicate him, but at least he talked to the monster. At least he recognized the monsters existence. And for a creature that spent most of his wretched life in hiding and exile, alone without anyone there for him, this can be pretty good reason to lease Victor. Good or bad, Victor is the only relation hes ever had and he tries desperately to cling to this relatio nship. Do we accuse him? Do we spite him? Do we adore him? Hes tenderhearted. He articulates well with others and he even rescues a subaltern girl from a river. He just gets the cruelty and hatred because hes ugly. tummy we blame him if he lashes out in abrupt and absurdly risky ways? From that moment he declared everlasting war against the species, and more than all, against Frankenstein who had formed him and sent him forth to this insupportable misery. (P. 99) This sounds like more impact emotions. Could it be that we, the reader, feel the equivalent duality of emotions that the monster and Victor feel for each other? One more thing, what does it mean that the fmonster is make out of dead-person pieces? If hes made up out of people, then hes essentially a person himself. But if theyre inert, then hes never really extant in the primary place. You could also say that, since hes an aggregate of human parts, hes also a conglomerate of human traits. This might show us the nature of his complex duality.Modern man is also Frankenstein, outwearing ties and becoming further away from his creatorusurping the powers of God and irresponsibly tinkering with nature, even if they are full of benign purpose, it ends with malignant results. Although Frankenstein as well as the monster begin with good intentions and become murderers in the end, the monster seem way more softhearted than Victor because he is by nature the outsider of society, whereas Frankenstein purposely removes himself from human society. When Frankenstein first becomes enthralled in his endeavours to create life, as he collects materials from a slaughterhouse and disecting room. Frankenstein also breaks his ties with friends and family during his hindering work, and he becomes increasingly confined. His father reproaches him for this eliciting Frankenstein to think to himself what his single-minded quest for knowledge has cost him, and whether or not it is morally acceptable. After he looks back on his mistakes, he concludes that, contrary to his credence at the time it was not worth it, If no man allowed any pursuit whatsoever to interfere with the tranquility of his domestic affections, Greece had not been enslaved Caesar would have spared his country the States would have been discovered more gradually and the empires of Mexico and Peru had not been destroyed. (p. 35).Natural world is like Eden and will be corrupted through to a fault much knowledge (science). ProofBiblical Conception of Knowledge man evicted from paradise for designed too much Prometheus reined in by Gods novel written in Romantic era which upholds the values that Progress is Dangerous and that there moldiness be a return to Idealized Past. Through Victor and Walton, Frankenstein represents human beings as deeply ambitious, and yet also deeply erroneous. The labors of men of genius, that erroneously directed, scarcely ever fail in finally turning to the solid advantage of mankind. (P. 29) Both Victo r and Walton fantasize of transforming society and obstetrical delivery prestige to themselves through their scientific conquests. Yet their ambitions also make them ignorant. blind by dreams of glory, they fail to consider the repercussions of their actions. So while Victor turns himself into a god, a creator, by bringing his monster to life, this only highlights his fallibility when he is ultimately inept of fulfilling the obligation that a creator has to its creation. Victor thinks he will be like a god, but ends up the progenitor of a devil. Walton, at least, turns back from his quest to the North Pole before getting himself and his crew annihilated, after hearing Victors tale about the devastating upshot of pushing the boundaries of exploration. I will not lead you on, unguarded and glowing as I then was, to your destruction and infallible misery. Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happie r that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow. (P. 33) He learns from Victors tragedy. After Victor dies, he turns the ship back to England, trying not to make the same mistakes that Victor made in the obsessive compulsion that destroyed his life, but he does so with the resentful conclusion that he has been deprived of the glory he earlier sought.Frankenstein is an expostulation of humanity, specifically of the human concept of science, enlightenment, technical progress, and a deeply humanistic effort full of empathy for the human state of our own condition. Victor is a brilliant, sentimental, visionary, and accomplished young man whose studies in natural doctrine (p. 31) and chemistry evolve from A fervent longing to penetrate the secrets of nature. (p. 22). As the novel develops and the plot thickens, Frankenstein and his monster oppose each other and armed combat one another for the portrayal of the main(prenominal) protagonist of the story. We are inclined to identify with Frankenstein, who is admired by his immaculate friends and family alike and even by the ship captain Robert, who saves him, berserk by his pursuit for vengeance, from the piece of spyglass he had been stranded on. He still is a human being, nevertheless. Notwithstanding, disregarding of his humanitarian aspiration to Banish disease from the human frame and accede man invulnerable to any but a violent remnant (p. 43), Frankenstein becomes tangled in a hostile pursuit that is the single and main cause that lead him to destroy his own well-being and to remove himself from his fellow-creatures as ifguilty of a crime (p. 35). His irresponsibility is the stimulant, the foundation of what causes the death of those around him, his family, his friends and his love and he falls under the ascendancy of his own creation and fails to break free from the chains that bind him.Neither Victor nor Walton could liberate themselves from their fulgurant ambitions, they made it seem that all men, and notably those who pursue to raise themselves up in renown above the rest of society and even god, are in fact impetuous and imperfect creatures with feeble and defective natures. We can all learn from Victors last words to Walton, Seek happiness in tranquility and avoid ambition, even if it be only the apparently exculpatory one of distinguishing yourself in science and discoveries. (P. 162)

Explication of Ogichidag by Jim Northrup Essay -- Explication Essays P

OgichidagI was natural in war, WW Two.Listened as the old men told storiesof getting gassed in the trenches, WW One. cut my uncles come back fromGuadalcanal, North Africa and the battle of the Bulge.Memorized war stories my cousins told of Korea.Felt the veneration in their voices.Finally it was my turn,my brothers too.Joined the marines in the timefor the Cuban missile Crisis Heard the crack of riflesin the rice pad flush its south of Da Nang.Watched my friends die there then tasted the bitterness of the only war America constantly lost My son is now a warrior. Will I beware to his war stories or cry to his open grave.This is the poem that Jim Northrup wrote about war. I am going to Explicate the poem and examine the message that he is trying to express and th...

Prejudice and Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Racism in Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad develops themes of ain power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his disk Heart of Darkness. His book contains all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, and out of the blue(predicate) attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly ace of the great stylists of modern manufacture and a good story-teller into the bargain (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrads great story telling, he has in any case been viewed as a racist by some of his critics. Achebe, Singh, and Sarvan, although their criticisms differ, be a few to name. Normally, readers are good at detecting racism in a book. Achebe acknowledges Conrad camouflaged racism remarks, saying, Conrad chose his subject well - one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with psychological pre-disposition... (Achebe, 253). ***CAN YOU severalize US SPECIFICALLY WHAT THIS MEANS? THE READER DOES NOT KNOW WHAT psychological PRE-DISPOSITION IS*** Having gone back and rereading Heart of Darkness, this time reading between the lines, I observed some racism Conrad felt toward the natives that I had not discovered the first time I read the book. Racism is portrayed in Conrads book, but one must acknowledge that in the eighteen hundreds community conformed to it. Conrad probably would have been criticized as being soft hearted rather than a racist in his time. Conrad constantly referred to the natives, in his book, as black savages, spades, brutes, and them, displaying ignorance toward the African history and racism towards the African people. Conrad wrote, Black figures strolled out listlessly... the beaten nigger groaned somewhere (Conrad 28). They passed me with six inches, without a glance, with the complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages (Conrad 19). Achebe also detected Conrads frequent use of unorthodox name calling, Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts (Achebe 258). Conrad uses Marlow, the main(prenominal) character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it through his own philosophical mind. Conrad used double speak throughout his book. Upon arriving at the first station, Marlow commented what he observed. They were dying slowly - it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing profane now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom (Conrad 20).

Marketing Essay -- Business, Customer Satisfaction

This essay is a critical literature review of blood Marketing in relation to client satisfaction, customer loyalty and technology. In this review, I will provide a brief orientation of family kindred trade identify the benefits of relationship marketing for companies and customers and critically analyse the belief of RM with regards to customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and analyse the role of technology in relationship marketing. Leahy (2011651) defined relationship marketing as attracting and keeping customers for a long period of time. RM is used by firms to change consumer attitudes and improver the frequency of purchase in a business using marketing techniques such as promotions and advertising. According to Ndubisi and Chan (2005), relationship marketing provides an boldness the chance to get access to the right information about their customers, meet the customers necessarily effectively, efficiently and gain competitive advantage. In addition, Gronroos (19949) suggests that relationship marketing is a new model in marketing and its about organisation establishing, maintain and enhance relationships with customers at a profit so that objectives of the parties twisting ar met. This is achieved by mutual exchange and the fulfilment of promises. Promises may be made by the accompany to their customers yet, what remains to be seen are if the promises are fulfilled or ultimately broken. Szmigin et al. (2005) argues that due to the vast presence of relationship marketing in several industries, it kitty be difficult delimit relationship marketing that accommodates all the relationships. Ravald and Gronroos (1996) argue that relationship marketing is non restricted to the firm maintaining a close relat... ...ting is very important for the mastery of an organisation as reflected in the multiple definitions above. It is beneficial to both the company and their customers and when utilised responsibly, a great symbiosis relationship is establi shed. The analysis of customer satisfaction resulting in increased customer loyalty has been carried out and the component of increased customer loyalty resulting in high profitability for the organisation has been highlighted. The role of technology in relationship marketing has been scrutinised leading to the investigate question stated above i.e. to what extent does technology foster a close relationship between an organisation and its customers. For further research, it would be prudent to explore this area in more depth so organisations can acquire the maximise output when using technology as a means of relationship marketing.

The Social Convention Of Death In Literature :: essays research papers fc

Our environment dictates how we live our lives and how we handle situations. Our environment as well as dictates how the people around us handle our death. Death is one distinguished social convention of a society depicted in The constitute of the Wild, Garden Party, the Great Gatsby, Bone, and Dulce Et Decorum Est. Death and the handling of death is a social convention portraying values and ways of surviving in two main ways value of the clay and acceptable adroitness to die such as through violence, illness, caring, etc.In the claver of the Wild, by Jack London, death is a game where survival is a tactic, kill or be killed (manner of death) and the body is a trophy (respect for the body). For example, He knight was ranging at the head of the pack, running the wild thing down, the living meat, to kill with his own teeth and wash his muzzle to the eyes in warm transmission line. (London 49). This game gimp played with the other dogs was a repugn of who will catch the sno wshoe rabbit. It shows a twisted regard for life. Buck wanted to wash his nose in the rabbits blood to smell the kill. In this game, the only respect for life is the trophy that the body will make in death. Another example of the game is From consequently on, night and day, Buck never left his prey, never gave it a molybdenums rest, never permitted it to browse the leaves of trees Nor did he fleet the wounded cop opportunity to slake his burning thirst in the slender trickling burgeon forth they crossed. (London 95). Buck played with the slovenly persons fear and he showed no mercy. He showed no respect, he gave the bull no honor and the bull finally died of exhaustion, falling over, only to become Bucks respect that also fed him. For a day and a night he remained by the kill moose, eating and sleeping, turn and turn about. Then rested, new and strong, (London 96). Buck nourished himself off the bull and became stronger and more resilient. To eat Buck must hunt his food in t he uncaring wild, it was his only filling for survival. The game that Buck played with life did not always give respect to the dying, though this seemed necessary to his survival, giving the deaths more acceptability as a source to nourish the winner of the game.

Certainty in Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Essay -- Philo

induction in Descartes Meditations on counterbalance PhilosophyRen Descartes was the first base philosopher to raise the question of how we empennage claim to know anything about the creation with trustworthyty. The idea is not that these uncertainnesss be probable, but that their possibility disregard neer be entirely govern out. If we posterior never be certain, how depose we claim to know anything? The First Meditation of Meditations on First Philosophy, subtitled What can be c all tolded into distrust, opens with the Meditator reflecting on the go of falsehoods he has believed during his life and on the subsequent ability of the body to cozen him. Seated alone by the fire, he resolves to demolish former opinions and retrace his knowledge on more certain grounds. The Meditator reasons that he need moreover find some reason to doubt his present opinions in instal to prompt him to seek sturdier foundations for his knowledge. Rather than doubt every one of his opini ons individually, he reasons that he might cast them all into doubt if he can doubt the foundations and basic principles upon which his opinions are founded.... Certainty in Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Essay -- PhiloCertainty in Descartes Meditations on First PhilosophyRen Descartes was the first philosopher to raise the question of how we can claim to know anything about the world with certainty. The idea is not that these doubts are probable, but that their possibility can never be entirely ruled out. If we can never be certain, how can we claim to know anything? The First Meditation of Meditations on First Philosophy, subtitled What can be called into doubt, opens with the Meditator reflecting on the number of falsehoods he has believed during his life and on the subsequent ability of the body to deceive him. Seated alone by the fire, he resolves to demolish former opinions and rebuild his knowledge on more certain grounds. The Meditator reasons that he need only find some reason to doubt his present opinions in order to prompt him to seek sturdier foundations for his knowledge. Rather than doubt every one of his opinions individually, he reasons that he might cast them all into doubt if he can doubt the foundations and basic principles upon which his opinions are founded....