Select an interesting Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Select an interesting Topic - Essay ExampleThe premier word of the call says it all, and is really quite a humbling thought. Let me explain. While I have never considered myself to be a poor writer, I simply did not consider all of my initial drafts to be tenuous and utter crap. To do so would be to admit that I am not perfect. I mean, afterward all, who wants to admit that? Seriously, though, I have simply never considered that a first draft should never be looked upon as a paper that anyone but myself would see. Instead, I figured that if I put my thoughts down on paper in a semi-coherent manner, well, that would be enough. Now I understand otherwise.I am actually going to take quite a lot away from having read Lamotts essay. While I may never be a professional writer, I can certainly strive to do better with recording my thoughts and ideas on paper. I should look at a first draft as an opportunity to expand my ideas and truly capture my thoughts on paper. To do this, I can ta ke the first draft and really polish it up, looking for items I may have missed, and tossing others that, upon reflection, add little sum total to the piece. When I do this, I will certainly create better work, no matter how heroic or small the assignment may

Heritage and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heritage and Culture - Essay ExampleThis paper discusses achievements of the above mentioned writers in portrayal their ancestral elements and thereby making their traditional aspects integral parts of the works. It also explores how Hawthorne and Marshall differ from for each one other in the two mentioned novels as far as their inherited and prudeical standpoints are concerned.Nathaniel Hawthornes prude ancestry is evident in many of his literary works. The beliefs of Puritans are often linked with human genius in his writings. The characters of the books depict the authors personal feelings regarding Puritanism. A puritan ancestry coupled with an ancestor, who served as judge in the witch trials in Salem, further served to influence the inclusion of Puritan themes in many of his books. It is generally dogmatic that Hawthorne used his work as an outlet for expressing his guilt for the Puritan ways. His torment against the cruelties of Puritanism is very effectively envisioned in The Scarlet Letter. Through this book he revealed the grotesqueness of the Puritan principles. (Gervens, 2006)The puritan era and its heathenish aspects shake off been depicted through Hawthornes novel The Scarlet Letter. Hard work linked to servitude to God is a dominant Puritan philosophy. But the rather ascetic views on certain other aspects of life have been portrayed in many of Nathaniel Hawthornes work. ... In the book, Hester a young woman is forced to wear the earn A hewn on a red cloth with gold thread in an epicurean and intricate design. This letter is a badge of disgrace imparted by the Puritan elders for Hesters actions of bearing an illegitimate child. The Puritan elders had thus set an example for sinners who dared to disobey the principles of the Puritan society. (Lots of Essays, 2008) The authors feelings about the Puritan punishments are evident in the contrast with which he depicts the grace of Hester with the cold severity portrayed by the Puritan elders. His abhor and force back for the Puritan practices has been exemplified through this book. Paule Marshall and West Indian HeritageMarshalls views on her West Indian hereditary pattern are show in her book Praisesong for the Widow. For instance the use of Creole dialect, even only for a weekend by the out - islanders in the book is proof of the close ties that is maintained with their ancestry. The author has expressed her own feelings through the journey of the protagonist - Avey in the book. Aveys appreciation of the traditional Creole dance is a way of reconnecting with her roots, which is something that the author personally wants to do. The authors feeling has been aptly described in the book, through Aveys feelings, when she says, centered and preserve restored to her proper axis Praisesong for the Widow 254. Avey reestablishes her ties with her heritage, and eventually rediscovers her own self somewhere. The author portrays her ancestral heritage brilliantly through the ch aracter of Great aunt Cuney. The dream that Avey remembers, which inaugurates the chain of events in the book, is that of a younger Avey with her Aunt Cuney, with whom she

Authority of Shipper's Representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Authority of Shippers Representatives - Essay ExampleThis paper stresses that Shippers Representative is let to aid employment Scheduling for shipment by use of work secernates daily. This includes screening of customer purchase order vs. lodge work orders for agreement, preparation of rapture invoices and/or packing lists, preparation of international export documentation (if any(prenominal)), determines manner of shipment and preparation of appropriate carriers paperwork using established guidelines. S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against cadence of encumbrance, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies.This paper outlines that the seller moldinessiness see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the edit out does non require him to deliver them at a particular destination, so unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504. However, any quotation or forecast on an order identification is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not go into liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence.... S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies. Section 2-504 lading by Seller. The seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504, Part 5, he must put the goods in the possession of such a carrier and make such contract for their out-migration and promptly notify the buyer of the shipment. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence. The seller reserves the proper to allocate inventories and current production in any way it deems desirable.Authority of Shippers Rep. 4Section (2-505). Sellers burden under Reservation, Subsection (1)stipulates where the seller identified the goods to the contract by or before shipment. The viands of this section authorized the seller or his nominee to procure a negotiable bill o f lading to his own order that binds him the security of interest in the goods. It gives him the right to effect transfer of the goods to the named person or buyer.

London underground as a customer role for equipment report Essay

capital of the United Kingdom opposition as a customer purpose for equipment report - Essay ExampleThe tube services a record 270 number of stations which is the largest underground network in the world and also covers around 402 kilometres. Acting as a pi matchlesser in its design, the design of LU has been adopted by several underground networks across the world. Almost 86% of the rider f ars are covered by the tube which makes it stand out as the main traffic ray in the nation (Urbaneye, 2002, p.7). London undergrounds customer role for equipments London underground having a relatively grey-haired infrastructure should consider prospects of up gradation of its equipments mainly required for comfort, safety and protective covering of their passengers. This raises the role of London underground as a customer for its equipments and subsequent consideration of its equipment reports. The major equipments of London underground are the CCTV camera, ticket machines, support systems f or ventilation, emergency alarms, availability of reservations or wheel chairs for senior citizens, handicapped, etc (Kelly, 1999, p.4). As a customer to its equipment report, London underground needs to at its suppliers, competition for the contract of supply of equipments, whether the equipments are customized for the tube and the payment amount for equipments installed. Major suppliers of CCTV for installation in London vacuum tube include grocery leaders like Panasonic, Sony, Eneo, British Security Industry association, etc. The suppliers need to bid for the contract on London Undergrounds decision of installation of new CCTV cameras or up-gradation of the existing system (Source Security, 2013, p.1). The supplier offering the best competitive price and quality of information is awarded with the contract. For example, For example, Sony has installed around 5000 CCTV cameras by 1996. In 2002, a 500 camera system has been installed with a three-room capacity for controlling act ivity in order to modify LU with monitoring capacity of health and safety of passengers, spyion and prevention of crime and closed rope surveillance. The CCTV surveillance system used in London underground as installed and supplied by Sony are the ones used for general business surveillance (Glanz and Nacerodien, 1996, P.1). Thus the CCTV system has not been much efficient in large underground station in tracking activities like pick-pocketing, bag-snapping, etc. However, the CCTV has been able to detect crime in small underground stations. The effect of CCTV old system wears out with time as offenders learn about their position of tracking. Looking at upgrading the infrastructure, London underground announced a one-billion plug sterling program for station regeneration of which 40 billion pound sterling was spent on CCTV installation in 1997-98. Apart from CCTV, the London underground also installs ticket machines which passengers can use by dint of top up oyster cards. The m ajor supplier of all ticketing machine in London Underground is Cubic Transportations System Inc. The emergency alarms are supplied by manufacturers like Vesda and Wagner. In order to upgrade its old transportation system in the face of increasing passengers, London Underground has upgraded its WaterLoo and City line in 2006 with five trains instead of existing four, Victoria line now includes a fleet of 47 higher(prenominal) capacity with better ventilation capacity than before (Fire Systems Ltd, 2013, p.1).

Systemic review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Systemic review - Essay suitPeople have come up with different ways to lose weight, some of which are legit, and others not (Cawley and Price, 2013). Information has been posted in the internet and is available to all. But, is it that easy to find? In a telephone to discern whether weight loss has anything to do with money as has been proposed, a investigate needed to be done.A monetary incentive involves motivation of an action by monetary gain that would not differently happen in absence of the money. So many sources in the internet were available to use and it was needed to carry out a research to determine the trustworthy sources from which the information could be obtained and thus the research objective. In order to provide trustworthy sources from which this information can be obtained.The search was conducted in the ecumenic population because one country would be limited in the information it has, and that all over the world, financial incentives would be a motivator, suffice to say that what causes one to put effort to lose weight in one country is the same everywhere (Cawley and Price, 2013). Six databases were searched including CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo, Science Direct, Web of Science and Pub Med. The phraseology searched within the databases was Financial incentives and weight loss and adults.The databases were chosen for different reasons. PubMed ( subject field library of medicine) was chosen because it is a national institute of health and thus contains a wide catalogue and vicissitude of articles on health, which works for the health related topic. It is also widely used and well known (Cawley and Price, 2013). Science Direct was chosen because it contains a large pool of information, is a very broad and commonly used database containing a wide variety of different scientific disciplines including health. The aim was to draw information from a different pool of resources to cross crumble it with more specific

Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication in condescension - undertake ExampleBASF is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany3. II. Aspect of BASF social performance Verbund BASF always prided itself with its Verbund philosophy which meant total integration scheme which provided the company a competitive edge by improving its efficiency by restructuring4. One of the prospect of Verbund for instance is how they used byproducts of their production which could have been discarded as waste as an input for otherwise production. Concretely is how BASF ingeniously capture heat energy into its plants and convert it into power to drive other machines in their plants5. Verbund has in any case allowed BASF to extend itself to a wide array of product lines with a well diversified revenue portfolio that brings in stability in the company while catering to a broader customer base6. But this apprehension of Verbund or integration which is the core of BASF corporate philosophy might have been taken into excess because i t has been sued 35 class activenesss for price fixing in violation of the Anti-trust Law the United States. In the same vein, it was besides sued in the United Kingdom for infringement of Fair Trade Policy (UKs equivalent for Antitrust) for unethically integrating with other companies to the point of collusion that retards the mechanism of the market. III. Details of the case against BASF It is quite bothersome for a huge company such as BASF which is considered to be the largest chemical company in the world has 35 class action suit filed against it in the United States alone7. It indicates that there is something wrong with the companys argumentation practices. If it was only several cases, it could have been dismissed as a nuisance, but with 35 class action suits, the cases are worth to look at because it appears to be a business trend which is not precisely ideal. The cases hurled against BASF are serious that ranged from unfair company practice such as violation on anti-trus t laws on price fixing, to exposing its employees to contaminated chemicals in the production of its fertilizers. Both allegations are serious offenses for it boils down to unfair business practice and total disregard for its employees safety and well-being. The eccentric begun in 2004 when BASF together with Huntsman, Bayer, Dow and LyondellBasell were charge of price fixing. They were accused of price fixing propyleneoxide (PO)-based polyetherpolyols methyl di-p-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) andtoluenedi-isocyanate (TDI) that were purchased from 1 January 1999 through 31 December 20048. all in all of the parties that were accused opted to settle out of cost with BASF offering a settlement amount of $51 million. It denied immorality to price fixing and justified that it was settling to save itself with the cost of a dragged litigation and the distraction of court hearing that will bother the company. This may have been approved by the Department of Justice in December of 2011 but still, the company is still facing a separate price fixing lawsuit from its isocyanates customers9. Apparently, BASF has also a Fair Trading (Antitrust version in United Kingdom) case in UK which indicates that their say price fixing practices are not isolated in the US10. In Brazil, BASF together with Shell also faced class lawsuits and was in fact convicted to pay damages to its former employees. The class lawsuit was almost contaminating its

International marketing plan- how to increase sales rate for HTC in UK Dissertation

International merchandising plan- how to increase sales rate for HTC in UK - Dissertation ExampleThe chapter also highlights the rationale and scope of the enquiry on with proposing the methodology. The literature review chapter discussed the model proposed by Zeithaml (1985) where the relationship between price, care for, and quality has been associated with consumer perception. The model explained that in order to promote the consumer perceptions, it is important to decrease the perception of sacrifice, add intrinsic attributes, evoke perceptions, and use inessential cues to signal value for all possible strategies. The chapter concluded that price, value, and quality of crossings affect the perceived benefits and beliefs of consumers in a good manner. The research methodology chapter presented an overview of the different segments of the methodology along with highlighting the preference for each element in an illustrative manner. The finding and analysis chapter found that Samsung success factors are in the form of a robust and varied product portfolio attracting consumers of all age groups. On the other hand, apple believes in product differentiation embedded with brand equity and recognition to attract consumers. The last chapter concluded that that the success factors of Apple are mainly in the form of product differentiation, brand appeal, brand value, and consumer perception over the value and quality. ... Communication plays an important role in connecting people and in this regard, quick phones have played a major and crucial role (Adkins, 2008). The advent of expeditious phones offered much needed liberty to people to enhance the communication at any point of time making life easy and simple along with facilitating the flow of information and communication (Anttila and Jung, 2006). Motorola was the first company to introduce mobile phones in the market and afterward a number of organisations introduced mobile phones in their domestic marke ts. Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market leader in the mobile phone communication having great reach in different parts of the world. Later, organisations like Samsung, HTC, Micromax, Apple, and Sony forayed into different markets increase the overall rate of competition along with offering broad(a) arrays of options to the consumers. One of the most innovative mobile manufacturers has been Apple and Samsung offering attractive mobile phones with distinctive designs and appeal. Samsung is a South Korean multinational obscure having a number of products including mobile phones. On the other hand, Apple is an American multinational company having wide arrays of products related to computers, software, and mobile phones (Attewell, 2005). Initially, the success of both these organisations was limited to few countries but later these companies embraced an international anticipation by exploring international markets and thus gaining impressive market share (Ballard, 2007). The research aimed to explore factors affecting the productivity of foreign mobile phone brands like Samsung and Apple in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has been a developed market for

New Public Management, Stakeholder Theory 1, Stakeholder Theory 2 Essay

New Public Management, Stakeholder Theory 1, Stakeholder Theory 2 - Essay ExampleThis is universe targeted by aiming to improve the overall per phase angleance functionality of the organization at hand.The main areas of target include eradicating the proscribe energies and low productivity of the organization, bringing ab come out more advancements in terms of scientific and technological domain, creating an environment of global ambiance where decisions are taken in due consideration of outside members involved, and finally the element of treating the citizens as customers where their demand and satisfaction is the top priority beyond anything else. Striving for improved output out of overall scenario is core function and objective of new public management scheme. Transparent operations, more participation, go against results were few of the concepts and aims that were based on the idea of new public management.N.P.Ms origin can be traced impale to days and decade after the Se cond World War. Economic prosperity and awareness towards citizenrys services in the developing parts of the world brought about this process and made it get on speedy with the kind of opportunities and benefits it promised.Decentralization of the organization, clear roles definition, tasks accomplishment, stakeholders concerns addressing, reduction in overheads and costs of various form, better customers converse means, all these are the areas stressed and focused under the domain of new public management.N.P.M has largely been original because it gave a new dimension to the concept of peoples service and better outcomes in form of organizational operations with low inventory, low overheads and higher throughputs(HOOD 1991).N.P.M is often termed as a tool and apparatus which will enable better outcome in any kind of organization with customers at back end., however the main focus is that of governmental institute with focus on reforming the pillar of bureaucracy in a holistic way by making it more effective and bringing the true honor out of

What is the importance of things in our life Essay

What is the immensity of things in our life - Essay Exampleite unfortunate that things are non the determinant of the quality of life, merely if they are used well they can enable an individual to have a more fulfilling life. I perceive that there are many misconceptions that relate to the acquisition of things hence people accept to infer what they have and how it is beneficial to them. For me, the word thing is too dense. Things however grand to me depends on what time I train them and where.When defining what really a person needs, we should not use the word things because of its broad and vague meaning. We need detail things to make it in our lives we do not need all things. Even those things we need them in certain quantities. The assumption that life is driven by the acquisition and consumption of things is not dead true. This is because apart from things, there are other important components that people need to make it in life. This does not underrate the importance of having more things on our side. It is very important to have things, but they ought to be limited and meant to meet a given purpose. For example, it is unimaginable that an individual has acquired one hundred personal cars, all for his or her own use. The point here is that, some of these cars may remain to be unutilized even for years. Therefore, the essence of having them in the first place beats logic. It would have been better if the individual bought and disposed appropriately if the personal need was to have diversity. Therefore, it is better to talk about the importance of specific things instead of the global view.The importance of specific things cannot be disputed. In the paragraph above, the argument has been, we need specific things these specifics have a very important role in our lives. Things can be categorized from the basic needs, to those that facilitate our personal development, those that help us relate with others as well as those that we need for comfort an d luxury. All these categories

The Sole Purpose of The One Percent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Sole Purpose of The One Percent - look for ExampleOnce this occurs, it willing be very difficult for equality to ever exist in the United States again, since the rich will never give these democratic rights back to the poor once they dedicate regardn them. The ane percent is based on the idea that one percent of the American macrocosm controls the majority of the countrys wealth. This leaves the other 99 percent of people to fight over whatever specie is unexpended over. Capitalism is based on the idea of a free market, where individuals can make as ofttimes money as they want under the system. Those who are successful within the system become rich, speckle those who are unable to succeed are forced under the rich. The idea is also that a trickledown result will occur, since the rich will pay the rest of society for services that are needed. This is quickly disappear from society, however, since the rich are becoming greedier than ever before. They want to make oftti mes more money than they will ever need, which causes problems for the poor because this money comes out of their pockets. In previous generations, the middle class made up the majority of American society, since corporations were forced to pay their workers a fair wage. Today, however, much of this work can be outsourced to other countries at depress wages, which has left many Americans without jobs. Under a democratic system, the people should fall in the majority of the power. Unfortunately, the current system has been determined the presence of these major corporations. These corporate interests are able to make donations to political campaigns and the politicians respond by passing legislation that makes it easier for these corporations to capitalize on the average citizen. The countrys political system is based on money and if the average person does not have any money, it is approximately impossible for that individual to make a difference. The goal of these corporations is to make it even easier on themselves to make money and, eventually, the 99 percent will no longer have a voice. If you look at what a company like Wal-Mart has make over the years, it makes sense. Wal-Mart pays its employees minimum wage and, therefore, it is able to offer products for a lower price than competitors. The company will then go into an area and put all of its competitors out of product line very quickly, since consumers are attracted to low prices. This takes money away from the small business owners who owned the competitor stores and takes money away from the community as a whole because all of the profits from Wal-Mart head to the corporate offices. Unless something is done in the near future, it will be almost impossible for the United States to regain its place as a democratic union and the land of opportunity. Todays opportunities are mostly working for the one percent for whatever wage the employer decides to pay. If you do not want that job, someone else w ill surely take it, since jobs are becoming more scarce. Unfortunately, the power than these corporations have over the political spectrum are making it much more difficult. If Wal-Mart is donating large amounts of money to the Republican Party, that party will do whatever it can to carry that stream of revenue, since it can help the party get into power. Therefore, the corporation that donates this money has a major influence over the party

Critically discuss the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critically discuss the article - Essay vitrineJust like in the investment business, the author argues that using past performance of a ships companys stock is dangerous. He points out the likelihood of the stock underperforming in the future (Sullivan 2012, p. 1).According to Sullivan (2012, p. 2), investors strike the wrong question by raising an argument of the best funds between active and business leader funds. To the author, searching for patterns does not result to advanced investment policy. He proposes that the best way of picking levelheaded managers is by mixing art and science. The ability of mutual and hedge fund managers to excellently perform when the indexes argon at the peak and then declining as more money comes into the funds makes the practice an art.The science of choosing managers involves a four element criteria of investment process, organizational structure, past returns and due diligence. He points out that performance raceway record is not the only in dicator of good performance by a manager. To him, a good manager ought to have an investment plan or an institutional structure that is better than what people lav see. The manager should not only use market timing, but rather understand the market powerful to know when to enter and when top exit (Sullivan 2012, p. 3).The author, in trying to advice investors on the best methods to use in hiring managers who can perform has incorporated a number of factors. To him, those who use past performance make a big mistake. A number of factors can lead to managers performing well, which should be verified. However, when hiring, there is no quality that the manager is likely going to maintain the performance record or not.The author was right that a number of factors are involved in evaluating performance by a manager. The fact that the past does not always reflect the future outcome is true. However, past performance cannot be rubbished altogether. The very

Central cities in urban areas have become places that contain a Essay

rudimentary cities in urban areas have become places that contain a disproportionate number of both piteous income and well off places - Essay ExampleFirst is the presence of a exuberant variety of function and consumer goods like transport, internet, applied science, restaurants, shopping malls, brands, theatres, physical settings like architectural beauty etc. Good public go like good schools/education and less crime are also linked up with urban growth. Further cities have marked a trend of improving technology twenty-four hour period by day for transporting goods, people, and ideas. Keeping in view the above attributes of cities it is clear that these all factors have become needs of rich people and with the passage of time these have and will be increased with change in technology and modern era.Similarly on the other hand poor people outside(a) the city are not blessed with the facilities available in cities. Being inspired by good transportation system, sevenfold/ex cessive employment opportunities and social services, poor have always migrated to central cities however this is not pillowcase of middle income. Major reason behind is that there is not much difference in the income direct for the middle family as they are enjoying the same income either they are in city or outside city which has already been reflected in the census conducted in 2000. (Logan 2010)Public education plays a significant fictional character in household sorting & suburb. Suburbs generally have lower crime rates and offer more public services of better quality than their urban counterparts, thus providing more benefits and advantages to their residents The main purpose of household sorting is to solve urban problems like poverty, crime, inadequate housing which are not spread that as throughout metro areas but are concentrated in some areas. Public education essentially creates awareness among people who cannot differentiate between good & bad. In order to increas e their standard of upkeep education is the only tool which can help them to move out themselves from household

Description of 5 microbial diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Description of 5 microbial unsoundnesss - Essay ExampleB. bifidum produces vitamins equivalent B6, B9 and B12 a deficiency of these vitamins may lead to anemia.Bifidobacterium longum Most of this bacteria is found in the colon exactly it also inhabits the stomach. It contributes to our organism by helping maintain equilibrium of intestinal flora, preventing intestinal tumors, and increasing the handiness of food nutrients.Lactobacillus rhamnosus This bacteria is known for its ability to survive under harsh conditions in the digestive brass and urinary tract. It back tooth help the organism fight against inflammation and infections by increasing virus and shitty bacteria resistance. It is believed that L. rhamnosus helps the prevention of allergies and intestinal hypersensitivity.Bacillus coagulans This gram-positive bacteria helps improve the vaginal flora, reliefs abdominal offend and bloating in people who suffer from Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and increases immune respons es against viruses.Leprosy, also known as Hansens disease (HD), is a chronic intracellular bacterial infectious disease caused by a microorganism that chiefly targets the skin and peripheral nerves. This disease has a sad past because people who had it were usually discriminated against and isolated from society. Today, however, it can be treated and cured.It is transmitted from one mortal to another. The contaminated germs can be expelled from one person through the mouth and inhaled by another individual, penetrating the nasal mucosa. The microorganism can also assent the body through open wounds in the skin. In this case, intimate and prolonged contact is necessary. That is why it is very(prenominal) important that family members of the individual diagnosed with leprosy be tested for the disease.The form that HD will be manifested will depend on the host immune response to the bacillus that causes the disease. Leprosy can be classified in five assorted forms from mild to sev ere Indeterminate leprosy

Globalization and Volkswagen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Globalization and Volkswagen - Essay ExampleVolkswagen was incorporate in the year 1937. Volkswagen group is regarded as one the globes foremost automobile manufactures with its main office situated in Wolfsburg at Germany.Volkswagen was incorporated in the year 1937. Volkswagen group is regarded as one the globes foremost automobile manufactures with its headquarters situated in Wolfsburg at Germany. By globalising its business activities, Volkswagen has not only spread its activities in every last(predicate) the five continents of the globe but also able to transfer its technology to these markets, has created local utilization and by adding local contents in its products it has opened the doors for local businessmen and has offered jobs to local people, it has helped to nourish local industries in overseas markets and has achieved cost savings about 15 to 25% due to local contents. This research analyse is going to analyse how Volkswagen has benefitted from the process of gl obalization. Volkswagen and globalization Globalization can be referred as an active method of liberlisation, integration of market across the extensive array of markets internationally from goods to labor and from capital to services and technology. Globalisation is footed on the principle of freedom the freedom to have commerce with the rest of the globe and supply on each nations relative gains the freedom to invest where returns on capital be deemed to be highest within a tolerable magnitude of risk and the freedom to establish business of solid grounds of ones choice... MNCs hold strong places in all three channels of globalisation and by clarity, they vouch for all foreign direct investment ( FDI), they are very active in trade , with thirty per centum of global trade taking place within the MNCs and not between the MNCs and they transfer the knowledge and the bulk of technology across borders through intrafirm business transactions , create employment in host countries , responsible for rapid growth of GDP in the host countries and can be said to be responsible for increasing the standard of living in the countries, they conduct the business. (Ervin & Smith, 2008, p.24). Thus, due to the affecting position of MNCs, globalisation can be referred as the business decisions made by the MNCs as regards to their international business activities under transforming scenarios of international competition. (Kleinert, 2004, p.3). Globalisation also refers to the relaxation behavior of financial flow. Financial liberalisation eventually increases economic growth, efficiency and development by infusing new technical know and foreign investment. Economic liberalisation connotes introduction of policies like removal of credit controls, deregulation of interest rates, privatisation of banks controlled by government, elimination of credit controls, permitting foreign financial institutions in the domestic financial markets and relaxation of the bar on the entr y of private sectors. In short, it can be said that liberalisation means removal all barriers from the influx of capital right(prenominal) the frontiers of a nation. (Ariccia, 2008, p.3). It is to be noted that one cannot expect that mere economic liberalisation cannot achieve inflow of capital as only about 14 nations could attract in excess of eighty-five percent of

Homicide Law within England and Wales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homicide Law within England and Wales - Essay ExampleIn July 2005, government ordered for a review of homicide law, especially connecting to manslaughter in England and Wales2. It is verbalize that there argon many problems in the existing law like it has misidentify structure and decrepit foundations. It does not reflect the degree of fault or provide right scope. There are areas that wish regularisation by legislation because some of these areas are not conducive with the modern society. Two public offences of off and manslaughter sometimes have a blurred demarcation. No doubt wilful killing of another(prenominal) person is murder and the rest come under manslaughter. Here again, demarcation is not very uncontaminating between gross negligence manslaughter, reckless manslaughter, voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter and unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter. period definitions of each of them could be termed as confusing and misleading at times.Current defini tions of these offences are mainly found on judicial law connected with precedent individual cases and they are not products of legislation. Most of them are behind time and do not have much legal base other than social approval. Difference in intention of only harming and not killing, but killing by mistake is a terribly confusing legal cogitation that could be manoeuvred by a clever lawyer in whichever way he likes. In present law culpability is too wide a field and need to be specified properly. Many reckless killers who kill with abandon are getting thinly punished under manslaughter while they deserve more stringent sentences. Law fraternity3 and police watch impotently when the defendant goes away with hardly any punishment due to loopholes in law. Especially the police, who are aware of the committed crime and have seen the atrocity and effect of it, feel totally deceived and disowned by law. Law of manslaughter of necessity narrowing down urgently. It cannot be allowed to become bigger and bigger almost with every case. Some of the incomplete defences like concealed partial defences or self defences are set in unclear handle and need more coherence. Provocation is not clearly stated and the whole area is a confusing mixture of judge made law and rather unconnected legislation. Role of provocation in murder and manslaughter both is extremely difficult to grasp even by

Research in Urban education Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In Urban education - Research Paper ExampleIn most cases, gender differences restrain been detect when it comes to selection of particular subjects of study and overall college performance as well. In this paper, I would like to execute an understanding of both sociological and psychological effects that single wake up schools bewilder on a students preference of certain major over others and also the impact that it may have on ones personal development and ability to perform well in college and after perform well in life.In the past few decades the interest in single sex education in both private and government schools has risen drastically. In fact the trend is the very(prenominal) in most countries including U.S, Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain. This has been attributed to underachievement of students and the practice of taking up gender-stereotypes subjects for study (Smyth, 2010). An individuals life choices is a lot based on his learning and school advance. Thi s is simply because the quality of education at the school train plays a pivotal role in shaping a persons cognitive and behavioural aspects. Schooling and schooling atmosphere has broader implications on a students future choices and ability to perform in a much demanding college environment. Our education clay regards single sex schools or sex segregated classes as an counterpoison to the inequality present among the genders. Single sex schools have been looked upon as an attempt to influence school attainment (Lee and Marks, 1992). From a more personal perspective I believe that the existence of the debate about the furbish up that single schools may have on education and career choice is very much vindicated. at that place exists both pros and cons when it comes to single sex schooling and co-educational schooling. In fact, the effect of such schooling is known to have more impacts on female students than on their male counterparts. Therefore, we one may say that the schooli ng system potentially impacts a female students life and

Impact of Social Networking Sites Essay Example for Free

Impact of affable Net inventing Sites Es utterDecreased productiveness* Employees would break distracted when they need entree to social networking sites. This provide decrease their work efficiency, and so decreasing the productivity of the company. * Even if they atomic number 18 using the social networking sites for promotion or ads (job-related work), it is impossible to justify or make sure that each second they argon on the social networking site, they are doing job-related work. If we discountnot justify that, we toiletnot justify the salaries of the employees because they are paid to work, not to facebook. * It does not do the company any good in terms of their productivity if they allow their employees to access social networking sites in workplaces, as they would not be able to track what they employees are doing (whether they are doing job-related work or not). Hence, this is not cost-efficient and it is a waste of human resource as the salaries paid to the employees are not justified. * Company Security. The social media is on the World Wide Web and it is rattling easy for anyone and anybody from anywhere to simply hack in or simply cause a little trouble. Say, well-nigh personal projects get accidentally exposed. Information can be easily gotten from the internet, and so unwanted culture leaked can also be spread like wild fire. Employees will undoubtedly end up chatting with friends on the social media sites, and may accidentally leak out info when complaining to a friend, whom they did not pick out was from a possible competitor of the company, for ex full-bodied.SchoolsInsignificant educational information on the social networking site * Although well-nigh may argue that students can learn something new through the social networking sites, but the truth is the information we get on social networking sites are not significant in terms of educational purposes. What we commonly see on these sites are probably latest updates t hat our friends post. Hence, there is no educational information on social networking sites. If we allow them in schools, we would be diverging our attention away from the main purpose of a school which is to educate our next generation. * Furthermore, supposing social networking sites could be use for educational purposes and it would be as in effect(p) as our current education system, there will be no need for schools or til now teachers. The students can have self-directed development using the social networking sites at home. It will be a distraction to the students* No matter how hard we can try to deny the fact, but the fact ashes that social networking sites will just become a distraction to the students in schools where they are supposed to be educated. The students would probably be distracted and start updating their status on facebook or twitter etc. This decreases the students ability to listen to the teacher and sluicetually affect ones learning which is not justi fiable as more of the schools receive funds which comes from the government and eventually the taxpayers money. Hence, with needed defense from the government to the taxpayers, we cannot allow social networking sites in schools to prevent more distraction.Decreased face-to-face communication* The students would lose valuable opportunities for direct face-to-face communication if social networking sites are allowed in schools. They would be able to convey even behind the computers however this is not beneficial to the students development as they aptitude not be able to communicate efficiently to early(a)s when they go out to work in the society. Social networking sites are not effective for teaching and learning of the syllabus * Social networking sites cannot dally the need of the some subjects, for example Mathematics where graphs need to be drawn and social networking sites would not be able to meet this need. * Also, exams cannot be done in social networking sites as the a nswers of any candidate needs to be protected, hence it does not make any sense to allow social networking sites in schools because it is not suitable for the syllabus.What they say What we sayWORK Social networking sites can be used for promotion of the companys products. It is very efficient as the audience base is very large. Yes we agree that it will be effective advertisement for the company if social networking sites can be used, however we cannot justify that every second that the employee spend on social networking sites, it would be for promotion purposes. This is precisely why we cannot allow them in the workplaces because it decreases work efficiency and productivity which is more significant to the company compared to advertisements. Another point is, it is easier, once uploaded to media websites, for people, to vandalise and find faults with , e.g. the video used for advertisements. Editions can be made and reposted (with simple hacking) and doom the company. To go thr ough the trouble to specially assure high security defeats the purpose of a wide spread and open internet online. WORK economise cost to advertise on social networking sites, because it is free and effective for small companies. First, no company will not have a budget for advertisements.Second, even if they dont have budget, they cannot justify that every second that the employee spend on the social networking sites will be for promotion. Hence, they might lose productivity sequence trying to save money on advertisements. Third, this kind of advertisement is not as effective as media advertising as people might just ignore the posts posted by the companies. (Compared to media advertising where jar on the consumers will be greater.) WORK Helps in efficiency and effectiveness, as speed is increased, internet gives ample information, easier to complete tasks online, and even if the person is not there in person, the same work could unchanging be done, if not more effectively. Hal f the period, as seen from results, we end up getting distracted by other news and information along the way while doing the job.At the end of the day, job is incomplete or a sloppy job as employee was distracted. Sure, employers could try to enforce certain restrictions on certain functions, or have a time limit, but it will then negate the advantages of using social media. shallow Social networking sites could be used as convenient sources for students to discuss, brainstorm and do groupwork. Also, teachers could use them platforms for storing extra notes, and recyclable information, updates, and even extra notes about what to prepare for future lessons. This reduces time wastage on preparing and talking about things which can easily be read. If they need clarification but forgot to ask during class, you have SOCIAL MEDIA to the rescue such(prenominal) benefits are common place and often discussed. But we managed before without such social media, without much difficulty, and i t is not worth using social media with all the disadvantages that come with its use. Distractions, inattentiveness, the tendency for students to bicker nonsensically, e.t.c lead to excessive time wastage.In class, they have lesser tendency to waste time, as there is the presence of the teacher or even without the teacher, in person to person, they are more likely to think and try to brainstorm whatever ideas they get immediately, and can bounce off each other.if really such a need to share notes e.t.c., still social media is not the correct choice. File-sharing websites or simply creating an email update group would be farthermost more efficient.

Research Plan Essay Example for Free

Research Plan examineAs part of your investigate plan, you must first draft a look question for your look for paper that will guide the rest of your writing. A research question, which is more specific and focused than a general case, is the question that your research paper will be serve welling. For example, if your general bea of interest is complaisant Security, a possible research question might ask How could low-in count families save more m maveny if the join States had a reformed Social Security plan that included personal retirement accounts? As you stupefy a research question, keep in mind that you will need to research sources to support your topic. Do not pick a one-sided question that will limit your research. Instead, develop a research question that lends itself to further exploration and debatea question you genuinely want to know the answer to. Try to pick a research question that is not too broad (covering too much) or too narrow (covering too little) . It should be broad enough to be discussed in a in short research paper. What is your general topic or atomic number 18a of interest?Recycling What is it active your general topic of interest that interests you? The topic of cycle interests me because thither are some cities that so not get cycle a antecedence and I believe it is important to preserve for future generations. What questions do you shake ab forbidden the topic that you would like to investigate? List them. What is the history of recycling? What is being done in initiate systems to promote recycling? What are the benefits of recycling? What suffer be done in cities where recycling is not a priority to make residents recycle?The effects if recycling is not made a priority. What are the financial benefits to a community where recycling is a priority? Would any of the questions you listed about the topic make a good subject for a research paper? Pick or adapt one question and make it into a research question. W hat are the benefits of recycling? Why do you think this research question is appropriate for a research paper? I think this is an appropriate question for a research paper because there are many benefits with much study of the benefits.How is your research question world-shaking or relevant to a wider community? My research question is relevant to a wider community because it is a worldwide issue in todays confederation with much room for improvement. What background information provides the preliminary grounds for your research? I was shocked at how many people I prevail come to know that do not make it a priority because it is simply easier to toss it away. What are some expert or authoritative sources of information on this research question?The University of Phoenix depository library What type of materials will you need to review for your research paper? Plenty of articles to support the bases of my paper. What procedures will you imitate to conduct your research? I will need to further brain storm and take notes on the articles I will be using for my paper and conpilling several different sources to ensure I have enough material to use. What difficulties do you anticipate in conducting your research? There is plenty of research out there and I need to cut it down to what is most important and relevant to what I am writing.Write a 250- to 300-word paragraph summarizing your reearch plan. Include the following The topic you have chosen for your final project. What you desire to learn from your research. What aspect of your topic you plan to focus on in your research and writing. This paragraph is upright an intro of sorts. Dont begin with The topic I have chosen, or My topic is write in tertiary person (he, she, it, or in general terms) Recycling is a relatively new concept with genuinely few states enforcing this as a law.Although recycling has just now been around for about forty years it has come a long way in how it is viewed by many peo ple and states. People across the farming have now come to see the long term benefits to recycling and how it will benefit our society by reducing their carbon foot print and how it benefits the environment. While recycling has made big strides there is still much room for improvement with public awareness. There has been a big push in elementary schools recently, children are being taught from a young age, the benefits of long term recycling.There are many states such as California and, Oregon requiring deposits when purchasing drinking beverages to promote recycling by its residents, unheeding if the person lives there or not, the deposit must be paid. This is just an example of slipway other states are making recycling a priority. By being vigilant and constantly making recycling a priority we can reduce the amount of waste in landfills each year gum olibanum eliminating the effects of global warming and the release of methane emitted into the atmosphere and the pollution of the waterways.By committing to recycling not only is there a benefit to the environment but there can be other ways recycling can contribute to a community financially. By implementing an efficient program recycling can yield great profits. Now more than ever it is so important to make recycling a priority. Its imperative that we create a future, for the future generation to enjoy and if not made a priority children of the future will suffer.

Vulnerable Populations Essay Example for Free

Vulnerable Populations auditionAll communities contain a psychicly grisly nation. Their behavior is considered to be inappropriate and abnormal. Every parliamentary procedure has cultivated solutions in which to treat the psychologically unwell in order to prevent disruption of the bullocky civil function. Normal behavior varies through generations and societies. When deciding if a person is genially hallucinating, the generation and burnish must be taken into consideration. Approximately 26 percent of the U.S. population suffers from mental nausea, with six percent of that percentage suffering from such debilitating mental afflictions that their ability to function is limited. The History of cordial affectionIn ancient times, mental illness was thought to be activatedness caused by evil possession. Skulls of the mad were drilled to allow the demon to escape. During the middle ages, mental illness was believed to be the result of witchcraft and demonic control. Th e tormented were hardened as criminals and subject to torturous acts. They were often tied up and thrown into bitter cold waters. If the person floated, they were considered to be a witch and were murdered in an inhumane and heinous manner. If the suspect sunk, they were found not guilty of witchcraft. The freezing water was accepted as a cure for madness. By the mid 1700s, mental illness was considered an extend for the afflicteds family. As the American colonies grew, the mentally ill began to negatively impact the society. Almshouses were used to board the mentally ill. Specialized hospitals were constructed for the insane. Mistreatment and abuse of the mentally ill were habitual and continued through the 19th carbon.Moral treatment of the mentally ill began in the 18th century when Phillipe Pinel discovered 5,000 patients chained to walls and released them. Dorthea Dix was a U.S. companionable activist who made an appeal to the Massachusetts State legislative assembly for more humane and benevolent care of the mentally ill in asylums. Dixs plea accumulatedregulated conditions in asylums. Most asylums and almshouses were obsolete by the beginning of the 20th century. State psychiatric institutions became the of import means of serving the mentally ill. However, reports of abuse and neglect in state hospitals were prevalent. In 1900, Clifford Beers, a internal businessman, suffered a nervous breakdown after a family catastrophe. He was admitted to numerous mental hospitals and each was opprobrious and defamatory. In 1908, Beers penned his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself. The book discusses his mental deterioration as headspring as the mental and physical abuse he endured in the hospitals.Beers book was the catalyst for the founding of the depicted object Committee for Mental Hygiene (Presently the National Mental Health Association) which created mission goals, such as alter doctoring, advocacy, and minimizing the negative stereotypes of the mentally ill. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This act focused on the maintenance and issue prevention through outpatient care. Patients were released from state hospitals and treated by community facilities. This act began the assist of deinstitutionalization in the United States.The Nature of the Social Problems or Issues ExperiencedDeinstitutionalization released thousands of mentally ill patients from psychiatric hospitals into the streets. The volume of these hospitals were shut down, which led to the difficult transition from long-term care to short-term hospital visits. Those with no family or support system were left with nowhere to go and forced to live on the streets. The government approximates that 20 to 30 percent of the United States homeless population suffer from severe mental illness. If this estimate were to entangle clinical depression and substance abusers, the numbers would climb to a staggering 50 to 80 percent. on that poin t are many problems trying to get the mentally ill and homeless of the streets. They have the right to wane treatment and unfortunately many of them do. Other obstacles that prevent the mentally ill and homeless population from receiving equal care is the lack of government assistance, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to help pay for treatment.Many severely mentally ill men and women are so disoriented, paranoid, and confused that they are unable to participate in guest/psychologist services. Another barrier is the firm participationrequirements administered by mental wellness facilities. Severely mentally ill clients may find it difficult to abide by the rules. In order to remain in caparison assistance programs, participants must remain sober which also poses a problem for many of the mentally ill who are plagued with substance abuse disorders. The criminalization of the mentally ill has become a large issue in the United States. The U.S. Department of Justice reports that 8 to 17 percent of the prison population suffers from mental illness. The National Alliance on Mental Illness reports that 40 percent of the mentally ill population allow for commit a crime at some point.Demographics, Common Clinical Issues, and Intervention Strategies Mental illness does not discriminate. It affects all races, social classes and religions. The only difference is that those in a higher social class are able to receive better care. Studies show that minorities receive poor mental health treatment because of the underrepresentation of certain ethnicities in the mental health field and the refusal of mental health care by certain cultures. People suffering from mental illness may seek help by instanter going to a specialist or by seeking assistance from a mental health agency. Mental health experts must be able to diagnose the frequent symptoms and evidence of mental illness in a client. The method for diagnosing mental illness in the United States is the Diagnostic and s tatistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR).This method is disputed by many professionals because it treats mental illness as a diagnosis of a disease rather than focusing on a persons strengths to unclutter wellness. axis I of the DSM-IV-TR includes clinical disorders such as bipolar, clinical depression, substance abuse issues. They are treated with psychotropic medications and psychotherapy. Axis II consists of personality disorders and mental retardation. Many professionals feel that people suffering from Axis II illnesses are resistant to treatment. Many mental health professional view those suffering from mental illness as broken and ill. These beliefs can limit the potential of the mentally afflicted.A different schema some mental health professionals are taking is using the Strength Perspective. This plan of action requires the practician to focus on a clients successes and advantages rather than promoting their shortcomings. Other intervention strategies include perspicacity counseling which allows clients to create coping skills to help them deal with their mental health issues. Group counseling allows clients to gain support andfriendship from those suffering from the same mental afflictions. Psychotropic medication can alleviate mentally crippling symptoms and Psychiatric rehabilitation aides low functioning clients in obtaining the basic living skills. future InterventionsThe United States has encountered many modifications throughout the last 50 years. The mental health profession will doubtlessly undergo many more changes in the years to come. Human Service Professionals are the future of mental health. They continuously crusade for augmented funding and strive to develop new intervention and counseling strategies accommodate to the intricate and complex needs of the mentally ill population. Experts and scientists continuously work to create advancements in medications that will remove all debilitating effects of severe mental illnes s.ReferencesMartin, M.C. (2011). Introduction to Human Services through with(predicate) the Eyes of Practice Settings (2nd ed.). Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon Publishing.A future vision of mental health. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.newvisionformentalhealth.org.uk/A_future_vision_for_mental_health.pdfLeupo, K. (n.d.). The history of mental illness. Retrieved fromhttp//www.toddlertime.com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum.htm

Alternative Dispute Resolution Clause for Learning Essay Example for Free

Alternative Dispute Resolution clause for attainment EssayAlternative Dispute Resolution Clause for reading Team Charter faithfulness 531 Alternative Dispute Resolution Clause for breeding Team Charter This paper pull up stakes address an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) clause that might be used by a Learning Team to resolve a disagreement among members. This paper will identify all provisions and culture necessary to enable the ADR to occur and function effectively.The dispute that the ADR clause that might be used by a Learning Team will be when a member fails to install their hazard of the Learning Team assignment on epoch and therefore another member must write the portion charge. I, Learning Team member, will settle all disputes or controversies arising from not submitting my portion on the time and date previously decided by the Learning Team to the Learning Team folder only when by mediation and a neutral third party mediator.The mediator will be elect by the professor of the course that the Learning Team is associated. The mediation will be held deep down deuce-ace days of said dispute or controversy and remedy will be completed within 5 days of said dispute. I will make myself available to the mediation and cooperate in any fashion with mediator. If a fair and equitable agreement for all cannot be reached than I will not be given rights within the Learning Team and the University will be notified that I subscribe forfeited rights to the Learning Team.If and when settlement has been reached no party within Learning Team will commendation said disruption within Learning Team folder. The above clause will allow the Learning Team to have a clear understanding that it is very important to make sure that their assigned portion is submitted on time. If the assigned portion is not submitted on time than they may have to submit to a mediation to work out the differences within the Learning Team and how they will make up to the Learning Team.

Poetry and Worldly Wealth Essay Example for Free

meter and Worldly Wealth EssayAndrew Lang describes the truth about coin and what it meant to people in the 1800s and 1900s. He uses repeating to clearly explain his ideas. Lang believes that specie could either be good or it could be evil, I surmisal it all depends in how you use it and appreciate it. The people in this poem are priests, soldiers, captains etc. The important idea is about how some and most people only do things for money.The Ballad of Worldly Wealth, is a depiction of how money can bring pride and corruption into our society. The form of this poem is a ballad. A ballads contents include 3 stanzas, at least 8 lines in each stanza, and a end (a repeated phrase at the end point of a poem) a refrain in practice of the Ballad of Worldly Wealth is Youth, and health, and Paradise The author used artificial imagery to characterize money as both a staple in society, and as the icon of the worlds power and corruption.There is some(prenominal) rhetoric patterns f ound in the poem. The rhyme pattern is an End rhyme. Poems with end rhyme are those whose lead word of every line ends with a word that rhymes, for example While the tides shall abate and (flow) Money maketh execration (show) Flow and show are two separate words, however both have rhyming sounds. in like manner displayed is parallel construction, a sentence, idea or clause that is presented with an opposing idea.In this statement, Money moves the merchants all, While the tides shall ebb and flow Money maketh Evil show, Like the Good, and Truth like lies it can be seen that the opposition is of that money is what makes the world go round. However money also creates greed, and makes the people see the money as a good thing, when really its all a lie.

The Passion of the Christ Essay Example for Free

The warmness of the Christ EssayOn February 25th (Ash Wednesday) 2004, Mel Gibsons The peevishness of the Christ mental picture was released. The fritter away is base on Jesus arrest, trial, and execution according to the four Gospels. Most of the deal is historically accurate, although there be some fictional events too. The film became the highest grossing non-English language film of all time and it was named the most controversial film of all time. Critics claimed the film was historically inaccurate due to the way the film portrayed Pontius Pilate, along with the economic consumption of excessive violence, anti-Semitic content, and the use of additional material. One of the most important historical inaccuracies is the way the film portrays the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. According to author B. A. Robinson, Pontius Pilate is consistently portrayed as a weak-willed governor, frightened of the power of the Jewish non-Christian priests, and lacking in confidence. A fter viewing the film, one would feel that Pilate was essentially morally neutral in the events of Jesus execution after stating Jesus is innocent of any crime but due to the embrace of the mob demanding execution, Pilate yields to it (Oxtoby Amore 172).According to authors Oxtoby and Amore, the crime Jesus was being accused of perverting the mickle and claiming to be the king of the Jews (168). In reality, Pilate was harsh and vicious in his treatment of Jews and had thousands of them crucified (Robinson). Several critics were troubled by the films explicitly detailed violence and further criticized the film for focusing on the brutality of Jesus execution, instead of his ghostlike teachings.A number of the digs which do not appear in the Bible but which seem to be fictional creations added to flesh out the movie and extend the film to a feature length take on the scene when Jesus is repeatedly beaten by the Temple guard after his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane for no ap parent reason, when Judas is emotionally distraught over his prior betrayal to Jesus and is hagridden by Jewish children whose faces morph into demons, when the crucified thief who taunted Jesus has his eye pecked out by a crow, and the scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Jesus flogging (Robinson).Film critic Roger Ebert said in his review, The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are interested specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus further stating that this was the most violent film he had ever seen (Sanburn). Film critic A. O. Scott stated in his review, The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to chase more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it. Before the film was even released, there were fully grown criticisms of perceived anti-Semitic content in the movie. After representatives of the Anti-Defamation League attended a private book binding of a pre-release version of The Passion of the Christ, they released a statement calling it one of the most troublesome texts, intercourse to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death.This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies (Robinson). A key event in the Bible that is missing in the film is the basic line from Johns gospel in which Caiaphas argues that it is better for one man to die for the people so that the nation be saved had this line been included in the film, perhaps giving Caiaphas a measure of the inner conflict he gave to Pilate, it could drop underscored the si milarities between Caiaphas and Pilate and helped defuse the issue of anti-Semitism (Robinson).Although Mel Gibson claimed to have based the film entirely from the Biblical Gospels, there are many elements that came from the book called The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich The book contained her visions of the sufferings of Christ and are criticized for revealing more randomness about the Life of Jesus Christ besides what is read of Him in the Bible (Facing the Challenge). This poses a business because it sets up another authority alongside the Bible.Ultimately, despite the questions over the historical accuracy of some aspects of the film, it did inhabit broadly faithful to the Bibles narrative and it was clear in portraying the central realities of the Christian faith. The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers. As a result, many congregati ons set up tables at the theaters to rear answers and prayers to viewers.

Debate Speech Essay Example for Free

Debate Speech EssayA enjoyable afternoon to one and all, standing in front of you is Alliah Dominique M. Sta. Ana, 3rd affirmative speaker, opposing the proposition of Mr. Despi that majority rule carry No. 10354 also k right offn as Responsible Pargonnthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 should be legalize here in the Philippines. Let us all be open disposed(p) as I begin.First and Foremost, let me give you brief information about RH Bill. It guarantees the world(a) access to methods of contraceptions, fertility control, maternal c are and stimulate education. There are many reasons why I stand before my proposition because implementing RH Bill is unconstitutional. Why? It seeks to regulate or legislate morality. It criminalizes the get along of faith and religion as well as other cts that are not inherently wretched or against public policy. It is socially and economically unjust and destructive.The law justifies the imposition of new imposees and higher tax rates, government borrowing, price controls, distortions, massive regulations, that allow for affect not just the entire economy alone also peoples rights. It will also benefit certain bussinesses and industries in a monopoly or crony system. Where will they buy contraceptives, preganancy kits, RH products and equipments, employers fee for their time and service? There are already dozens of RH Laws or RH related laws enacted in the past. It seems all of them didnt work. Did they? Because the that solution to this problem would be having self control and discipline. I firmly believe that an ordinary person is capable to be good so it does mean that everyone, catholic or not, can be disciplined.The principal(prenominal) purpose of sex is to procreate not to satisfy our senses or needs. So if you will have sex, condense in mind that its main purpose is to reproduce which is immortals will. Now, if you are to have sex with contraceptives, then that is not called procreation. It is call ed sense gratification or lust which is a strong desire for someone, that musical mode doing sex is purposeless. If you are to have sex without contraceptives, without thinking the consenquences, without family planning, make sure you are ready to give such big responsibility that will change your life.Life is created and is the will of the Lord. How it begins and how it ends is His thing Not ours. When God allowed the process of sex which at the same time is the free will of woman and man which will put that child in a womans womb, whether the mother or father is sick, that is His will. And now if you are a follower of God which the RH supporters also claim, and you are spiritually realized, then you moldiness know that you do not have the right to hinder such event or formulation by killing what is forming or what is inside you.Therefore, I strongly believe that RH bill should not be implented for this will not be created if we just control ourselves. This methods will offend the Church and the Catholics, this methods are just expenses, RH Bill will scarcely change the clearer vision of life. It will be such a bad impact to the country. Bear in mind that we are in a spiritual country. Besides, Natural Family Planning helps the married partners to strengthen their communication. A baby made with conjugal love is the take of natural family planning thats why I prefer natural family planning to be the only method to decrease our population rate. Thats all, thank you and Good Afternoon

Leadership Theory and Assessment Essay Example for Free

leaders Theory and Assessment Es theorizeEmotional Intelligence Mark Orvidas Walden University Introduction I have to say that getting back to considering emotional intelligence has been a bit of a walk down keeping lane. When I was working for JJ, I was invited to attend a leadership workshop on emotional intelligence. As you might imagine, and probably have experienced, there were many individual and group exercises. I particularly hark back a talk given by Daniel Goleman, he stresses the social aspects of leadership, and how it emotional competencies may trump adroit competencies once a certain knowledge threshold is achieved. Later, we all receive a personalized imitate of his new book, Working with Emotional Intelligence, which was the fall of 1998. New Insights Self-awareness is a basic competency that requires being in touch with our feelings, and using those feelings as a guide to decision making (Goleman, 1998). Being self-aware stern help build self-confidence as a leader. While taking the assessment I tangle like a Likert scale might be a more accurate scale since I found myself answering a version of sometimes to many questions (Nahavandi, 2012). Consequently, when this happened, I answered false, for to be true it should everlastingly be true.That said, my score on the self-awareness subsection was by far the worst (5 of 8). I realized that I really dont create opportunities to learn about myself, nor do I analyze events that hit me. I usually dont take things too personally and move on to the adjacent challenge (unless it really was my fault ). I have to say that I scored pretty well in the other categories, none perfect and I think this is due to the fact the my job for the last 20+ years requires a high degree of self-motivation, self-regulation, understanding and above all, social skill although, my next last-place score was social skills (12 of 15).I dont do to well with handling difficult people, and I dont feel like I am all th at persuasive. Usually, I just let the facts speak for themselves. New Impacts I think I will take these results and pay more worry to the details of how a scenario has unfolded and put myself in a position to ask what I could have make differently. Use the opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and learn about myself. I feel like I am a pretty humble, easy-gone person but can be hard on myself when the mistake is mine.I feel that as a public health leader, I would share my missteps with my team and perhaps others may do the same so we all can learn from each other in a non-threatening environment. In doing so, perhaps I will be a more authentic leader and be able to share my vision from a credible position, and others will be inspired to follow my lead. summon Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York, New York Bantam Nahavandi, A. (2012). The art and science of leadership (6th ed. ). Upper saddle roof River, NJ Pearson.

Meaning of life - Human Essay Example for Free

Meaning of behavior Human Essay?According to Albert Camus You will never be dexterous if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life. plurality corporation define happiness in various ways, for ones it actor achieving their set goals while for others happiness means serving for society, and fin bothy some mint interpret happiness as meeting the meaning of their life. peck can overhaul their whole time only searching for the meaning of life, and they forget or abridge the life and real time that passes by. Unfortunately, you can search for the meaning of life and still not suffer it, or it can come to you with age. Significant heretoforets such as surviving the airplane or machine crashes or losing the important the great unwashed in ones life, force humans to reconsider their set or beliefs, and can help to find the true meaning of life. Meaning of life is something that comes with the age, wisdom or get word. It is also hard to define what the meaning of life is, for it can be easily misinterpreted with the goals or values.I do not deliver my own meaning of life yet, for I am boylike, I form not so much experience in my life, and I cannot actually define what the meaning of life is. To begin with, I am not fully mature as a mortal because I am only twenty years old and my life has just started. Consequently, wanting to enjoy all the charms of my young life I try not to look almost difficult topics such as meaning of life. I value my time that I have now, so I want to spend it learning and gaining an experience. The only thing I can figure out in this research on meaning of life, is that people value one thing time.Having time we can find something or someone, win ourselves and etc. Theoretically, we can do everything when we have time, but when we have time and do not have someone for whom we can spend it our life becomes meaningless. Life becomes meaningful when we can spend time on objects and subjects that are important for us. As I am living with my parents, I do not even think almost how to earn money, rise future generation and become independent person. I do not have to be a breadwinner at home, and I do not have to endure yet.I do not have children, so I do not take the accountability for treating my children right. However, it would be helpful to find out the meaning of life before I become a parent, for it would help me to raise my children right. My life is easier now, so I do not stop to think about the meaning of my life. Although I am dependent on my parents because they give me shelter, food and opportunity to get an education, I feel that being independent also would go past to thoughts about the meaning of life. Being a young adult give me the opportunity to gain an experience that could help me find the meaning of life.I am learning at the LCC university where professors from diametrical countries tell their stor ies about their own life experience, and it seems that the person should have an experience in order to have a meaning of life. The experience of meeting different people, being introduced to different cultures, beliefs and values, and seeing the real adult life, all these experiences bring an insight about the meaning that the person can find in life. It is very difficult to find the right definition of meaning of life.When persons speak about creation of family or being a successful in work, it seems like goals and it is, but some people see it as the meaning. I can also assume that being happy and appreciative person has the real meaning in life, but is it the meaning of life? Maybe we should find the meaning that would lead us to feel happy and appreciative. I think that meaning of life does not even exist. in that location are only purposes. Love, family, friendship are only purposes, and purpose is not the meaning. Why? Because they answer the disbelief of approachability, we can reach it or not.Theoretically, if these things were meaningful, life would end when we reach all of them. Meaning is sort of normal idea, which is accessible and equal to all. It cannot answer the question of feasibility. Actually, the meaning of life should by absolute verity. Overall, this is the topic that brings galore(postnominal) thoughts to my mind. For now I can say that I do not have any item meaning of my life so far. I am young, rebel, adventure seeking person, and the spirit that now lives in my soul gives me the opportunity to live and enjoy the fruits of my young adulthood years, and I rarely stop to think about the real meaning of life.I do not know whether it is right or treat that I do not pay much attention for such topic. I believe that people become wiser with years, and that wisdom would bring the need to evaluate the life and to seek and find the meaning of it. I also cannot actually define what the meaning of life is, and I think that some people ca nnot find out it through their life. Overall, life is already meaningful as the person lives and breathes.

Aboriginal title on the lands of Canada Essay Example for Free

prime backing on the spheres of Canada Essay primaeval title on the get tos of Canada is a complex issue today. The question is that these commonwealths settled on the land much earliest than did the residents from Great Britain and Europe on the whole. It is quite fair to leave after original unity of people the lands which were occupied by their predecessors. The basic element in this issue concerning peoples rights is to save fond equilibrium in the Canadian society. Thus, there should be an explicit estimation of policies and agencies maintained through the supreme Court in British capital of S awayh Carolina and Ontario as well as in former(a) call forths and provinces of the country. translate more(prenominal) than Foot Binding In China essayThis limits a hostility mingled with the starting time Nations and current residents in applying policies grounded on the Constitution and just about new(prenominal) laws and acts which attempt to break down the iren ic resolution of the situation with land claims. Everything which touches upon the law field of relationships amidst individuals should be weighed lawfully. What is more, large cordial groups should comprise to the norms of justice and im elementiality on the part of the representatives of law. prime people of Canada seem to be push throughside the policies and swear outes which nervous strain and establish much(prenominal)like policies.Thus, it is unlawful for the majority of Canada to deny the right of Aboriginal communities to have their lands far from creation captured, even though Canada is a mostly multinational country. To provide arguments for this claim, the paper leads toward thorough investigation of peer-reviewed articles on the conductic. On the other hand, it is focused on finding out the optimal decision to work out the problem currently and in the future. Looking at the Delgamuukw decision maintained in 1997 in British Columbia, it is quite clear that the Court could not have an topic on the Aboriginal title and how to modulate it insofar (Dacks, 2002).It was, particularly, the only mismatch for the political authorities in order to designate the place of Aboriginal people in Canada. Here comes an opinion that since 1846 when British Columbia became sovereign there were no relevant laws or norms to support those who were already present on the land by the date of European settlement. An keen in this socio-political problem would recognize a set of impediments on the way toward bankrupt negotiation on the land claims policies. It is a matter of diplomatic regulatory mechanisms which ar beyond disagreement when it comes into such knowing topic for the investigation.Dacks (2002) identified three basic elements encountered in the process of anticipation between province and federal official governments and Aboriginal communities in British Columbia, namely 1) Anticipating the issue between governments and Aboriginal people by din t of judicial proceeding 2) Governments limitations on their political mandates 3) Perceiving the meaning of the title Aboriginal people long for by the governments and settling land claims (243). This would ideally fit the manner and the way for resolving the contradictory points in the debates on the land claims and policing in Canada hitherto.One subscribes to rally thoughts over the aspect of Aboriginal insurance agencies (APAs) which be manifestly life-sustaining to maintain dialogue in the ambivalence in basis of governments and autochthonic people (Malloy, 2001). This matter is clean-cut for the discussion today, but leaves more rights and jurisdiction after the governments. According to the Constitution Act, 1867 leaving provinces space for Indians and land reserved for the Indians, everything seems clear and lawfully (Malloy, 2001, p. 131). However, the litigation as for the current land claims policies needs some initiation amendments.It is especially vital to prov ide indigenous people with a democratic direction in operative out their place under the sun. On the local level, bucolic governments established in British Columbia and in Ontario are stated to be unexamined on the constitutional and jurisdiction level. Hence, it becomes hard for Aboriginal communities to get ahead and come closer to their own rights as of their title. APAs serve two main function in this complicated dialogue on the political level, namely 1. Internal regulations of Aboriginal policy in terms of the provincial governments2. External anticipation and cooperation with First Nations (Malloy, 2001). However, even if taking into account suchlike extrapolation of Aboriginal rights, it is shut away unclear where the law securing indigenous people comes into effect. This is another(prenominal) mismatch to be put into the picture by now. In the aforementioned ambivalence of functions prescribed to APAs one should figure out a distinct set of actors for the Aboriginal communities. It is even more distinct than among the governments who take a glance more at the employers, unions, etc.Aboriginal people are likely to negotiate with different actors on the external proportionality as long as they can reach out more support thereafter. This makes APAs different. Moreover, it assumes more governance on their lands despite the constitutional norms adopted beforehand. White (2002) provides the authority of treaty federalism in Federal Canada, as the prerequisite which gave Aboriginal people to establish their unique governance institutions outside the federal and provincial verification and coverage.This claim has plenty to talk about, as it sparks special concerns among Canadian politics today. However, every garret has its black, as they say. The idea is that indigenous people in Canada are hardly considered to be fulfilled with rights and obligations. It is better to say the issue of cultural and traditional coloring in decision-making procedure i s still beyond deeper negotiations (White, 2002). cooking of the democratic freedoms played a great role for APAs in terms of more exercise in land claims by Aboriginal people. The point of land possession is partially solved, as susceptibility be seen now.However, the Aboriginal self-government promotes a collision with the public government (White, 2002). It is all about the controversy in possessing rights, territory, and holding office. Aboriginal people tend to be the only office holders on their historic lands, while the public governance presupposes such opportunity for all residents. Thus, the intent for the Aboriginal people seems to be quite air now. Speaking in a historical way, there was a treaty write by the indigenous people with the newcomers represented by British and Canadian elite.Thus, indigenous people would neer give their lands without a thoughtful implication of their own hopes and pretences. Hence, since 1970s a new round of negotiations between Canadian governments and Aboriginal communities aims at making comprehensive land claims available and warranted lawfully for the indigenous bottom of the Canadian society. The main constructive suggestion for the Canadian political elite is to invent the most demythologised way to reach a compromise. It is a complicated issue that needs more attention on the part of all social groups and communities in Canada.It is not about involving the World Community in this intimate issue of Canadian government, but, perhaps, it considers consultations or pieces of advice on the part of the United States, for instance. The Aboriginal spot rights are largely violated in almost all aspects (Avio, 1994). However, the largest part of suchlike violation falls into the cultural features. The environmental issues as well as the political ones are highlighted to be broken down among the society. Thus, it cannot but make the aboriginal communities lose their temper.Turning back to the Delgamuukw litigation process, Dacks (2002) draws the interim measures for the aboriginal leaders, as benefits provided on the part of the social majority. Several agreements on the participation of indigenous people in such areas as forest management, tourism marketing, training, and some other prerogatives for the First Nations were established in British Columbia (Dacks, 2002). This was a truly breakthrough for those who struggle for their rights. Amending some acts and norms of Canadian law system, the representatives of justice were provided constructive decisions on the issue of Aboriginal part in land claims policyThe R. v. Sparrow and R. v. Van der Peet decisions of the Supreme court established the ruler that governments can infringe upon Aboriginal rights if such infringements are justifiable, and identified a test for determining if they are justifiable in individual cases (Dacks, 2002, p. 245). Still, the issue of justifiable features in providing lawful initiatives is vague in its meanin g. It does not give detailed insights on whether or not Aboriginal people are secured in their property rights and everything which belongs to the territorial and cultural implications.The Aboriginal communities are really diverse in their character. They need special, unique, approach to happen upon a set of issues to be solved in their claims for lands. It is impossible to separate these critical issues into pieces according to the purpose of their significance. Politics and sociologists have taken it into account recently. The only thing is that Aboriginal tribal communities should be discussed and evaluated as historically sovereign territorial-administrative units on the Canadian lands.This is why the issue of APAs is that complicated currently. Actors and networks in the social domain are now critical for the indigenous people in Canada. Malloy (2001) outlines in this respect the pastime statement Provincial-Aboriginal interactions comprise two major policy communities soci al policy and economic/resource policy (138). This is why there is no ground to talk about renovations in policing for Aboriginal people, unless there are appropriate agreements on budget assets and duration of such agreements, in particular.To be more precise, since 1973, the Crown and Aboriginal people have finished 22 contemporary treaties (Alcantara, 2007). Thus, it is just the matter of time and cohesion of the provincial and federal governments to the problems of Aboriginal people. However, the thing is that not all indigenous groups in Canada are solid and get together in their claims for political and administrative incentives. The question is that there are some contradictions within Aboriginal tribes.Thus, since 1970s, some of the Aboriginal peoples who were involved into the process of comprehensive land claims were not able to fulfill the treaties (Alcantara, 2007). By contrast, Canadian politics still have not enough willingness and, say, powers to single out the most appropriate consensual implication. Coming from the times when indigenous people were considered as the barbarous aliens, such alienation in the Canadian society seems to be taken for granted. It makes no point in making compromises or political step forward a democratic way of negotiating with such unique layers of the society.Avio (1994) remarkably identifies a line on which contradiction appears Since all aboriginal rights are alienable to the Crown via mutual agreement, those contracts which wholly or part convert a food fish entitlement to a commercial entitlement must be constitutionally tolerable per se (424). As there are no such permissions yet, the conflict or litigation is in evidence. To make up such issues as self-government provision, taxation policies, economical growth and some other among the Aboriginal territorial unities, Canadian provincial and federal governments should adopt some basically vital agreements.Interestingly, such policies drive two governments t o making additional autonomies on the territorial-administrative political map of the country. Supposedly, it interrupts politics to be more intensive in the socio-political process with indigenous people. On the other hand, Canadians do not elaborate on the experience of other countries where suchlike problem took place or currently is in evidence. In addition, another single obstacle in the process of negotiations is that federal and provincial powers do not take indigenous people possibility to vote or participate in the process on the equal basis.The process itself is said to represent an advanced form of control, manipulation, and assimilation (Alcantara, 2007, p. 348). In turn it leads toward consideration of majority-minority relationships with larger tension on the opinion of the majority only. It comes out to be that Canadian provincial governments under the pressure of the top politics in the federal government are likely to propose an alternative for the indigenous peopl e. The idea is that self-government form of governance seems no longer possible for the jurisdiction and economical relationships internally.Thus, interim measures could be just like a veil on the face of Aboriginal people. Claims-mandated boards were supposed to work out the problem by implementing them, as institutions of public governance on the historically Aboriginal territories (White, 2002, p. 94). Once again, it brings the overall climate of negotiations toward nothing. To say more, it renders null all attempts to make an equal consensus visible and applicable to the situations. On the other side, the above mentioned proposal on the part of the governments is aimed at reducing the controversy among different tribes.To conclude, the process of treaties between Canadian majority and Aboriginal minorities is still in process. Thus, it is unlawful for the majority of Canada to deny the right of Aboriginal communities to have their lands far from being captured, even though Cana da is a largely multinational country. There are still little achievements in the issue of Aboriginal property rights. Moreover, the situation is aggravated by the differences in ambitions of provincial and federal governments posed on the lands occupied by the Indians.On the other side, Aboriginal minorities need to be deeply evaluated as of their pretences (land claims) individually in each province and in each state as well. Until these issues are not solved, there is no agreement as of warrants for comprehensive land claims in Canada for the indigenous minorities. Reference Alcantara, C. (2007). To Treaty or Not to Treaty? Aboriginal Peoples and Comprehensive Land Claims Negotiations in Canada. Publius TheJournal of Federalism , 38 (2), 343-369. Avio, K. L. (1994). Aboriginal Property Rights in Canada A Contractarian Interpretation of R.v. Sparrow. Canadian Public policy / analyze de Politiques , 20 (4), 415-429. Dacks, G. (2002). British Columbia after the Delgamuukw Decision Land Claims and Other Processes. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques , 28 (2), 239-255. Malloy, J. (2001). Double Identities Aboriginal Policy Agencies in Ontario and British Columbia. Canadian Journal of political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique , 34 (1), 131-155. White, G. (2002). Treaty Federalism in Northern Canada Aboriginal-Government Land Claims Boards. Publius , 32 (3), 89-114.

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings1. INTRODUCTIONIn the current scenario, preservation of stuff and nonsense and energy is in truth much important. As the principal cause of worldly wastage is run down, any reducing in brave leads to savings. corrasion is the main cause of put up which leads to energy dissipation and damage to equipments. 1 Friction carry ons when nonpareil prove drags upon a nonher go forth. The magnitude of clangal force depends upon the interaction of mating surfaces. All surfaces inhabit of minute asperities and depressions even though the surface has full(prenominal)er(prenominal) degree of finish. From close observation it is clear that encounteral force is produced cod to the distortion of the micro asperities when one surface slides all over the other. As intimately of the surfaces be elastic up to a limit, the original require is regained afterwards. In extreme cases the asperities get removed collectible to plastic f com mencement of naturals. 4 This process of removal of material from one or both of 2 surfaces in contact is known as come in. 6 Lubrication is the most effective method to petty(a)er the clash and to control habiliment away and tear. Lubrication is the process of interposing a solid liquid or gaseous lubricating substance in surrounded by ii surfaces in sexual intercourse motion in value to reducing unwrap and tear. 6Tribology is the science of inter playing surfaces in carnal knowledge motion and of related subjects and practices. 5Tribology is derived from the Greek record Tribos which means rubbing. It deals with congenator motion of the bodies, clangoring, wear and lubrication. The motion of the bodies involves glide, axial rotation, spinning, resilient or combination of these. 5 The written history of tribology is as old as about five grand years. In olden days itself people were concerned about friction and the ways to reduce it. Assyrians employ gyres m ade of wood to move massive stones. 2 after carts ar genuine as rolling friction is less than sliding friction. Although the ways to reduce friction was super concerned from the olden days itself, the word tribology was introduced in 1966. 5 The minimum take up thickness in tribological machine elements was in the fix up of 10m to 100m at the start of the century. Later ad wagon traince in the tribology lead to the development of components with pack thickness up to 1m. The thickness is further reduced to 0.1m by the end of the century. In short, tribology in the important divisor in design of machine elements and selection of lubes. 52. ROLLING BEARINGSInvention of flap led to minimise the effort of moving an object as rolling friction is less than that of sliding friction. Even though rolling motion produces less friction, man was seeking different ways to decrease the rolling friction. This led to the discovery that charge based rolling motion consumes less power. where fore it was use in all rolling systems including complex machine mechanisms. In earlier periods the roller bearings was not competent to compete with the hydrodynamic sliding bearings as it fecal matternot meet with the endurance characteristics of the other. The roller bearing was universally pass judgment in the 20th century by the development of superior bearing materials and advanced techniques. This helped to manufacture roller bearing assemblies with extreme accuracy and long life. The competition among the manufacturers increased in early 1970s which led to a sudden increase in the production of high quality products at relatively low costs. 2 Rolling bearing take ons all typewrites of bearings to permit minimum friction amid twain moving surfaces relative to one another. The main application of roller bearing is to rotate a shaft relative to well-nigh fixed or oppositely rotating structure. It also allows relative linear motion of a fixture in a fixed direction pro vided by a stationary shaft. 3 Usually a bearing incorporates of two nerve rings each of which consists of a hardened raceway. The hardened steel louts or rollers roll in these raceways. These rolling elements be usually held in an angular spaced structure which is called separator or retainer. 2 twine.gif invention 1- Ball Bearings 7There argon different types of roller bearings based on their analysis of operation. A truncated description on discordant types of bearings is explained below.2.1 BALL BEARINGS2.1.1 radial tire Ball BearingsRadial fruitcakeock bearings ar the most popular rolling bearings. This type of ball bearings has an inner and outmost raceway grooves in between the balls be inserted. The grooves ca-ca curvature radii of about 53% of the size of the ball diameter. The inner groove is concentrically fixed deep down the outer groove and the ball bearings are present in between the grooves. The bearings are separated uni human bodyly. A cage is employ to maintain the separation. Deep groove ball bearings arrive the capacity to carry to a greater extent oodles as it is having large ball diameter. It can carry radial as well as thrust loads. Seals are present to keep the lubricant in and protect from external dirt. 2 lick 2- Radial Ball Bearings 8radial-bearings.jpg2.1.2 Angular Contact Ball Bearings406px-Angular-contact-ball-bearing_single-row_din628_type-b_120.pngAngular contact bearings are designed to contain atrocious thrust loads or a combination of both thrust and radial loads. The ball bearings have a contact fee which does not exceed 40 degrees. Single and double row ball bearings are usually apply depending upon the nature and magnitude of force to withstand. In this type of ball bearings, the outer raceway is the part of a sphere. The load applied on the outer raceway is minimised as the balls do not conform well into it. By using large balls the load on each ball can be minimised. This type of bearings can be u tilize in applications where the parallelism of shaft and the house are not exact to each other. 2Figure 3- Angular Contact Ball Bearings 92.1.3 gouge Ball Bearings thrust-ball-bearing_din711_ex.pngThrust bearings are those bearings having a contact angle of 900 which can withstand thrust loads. These types of bearings are meant for high make haste applications. The thrust bearings are mounted on spherical seats to arrive high degree of conglutination top executive. These bearings cannot be apply to hold any radial loads. 2 They are mainly used in automotive, ocean and aerospace applications. These increase smoothness and help in noise reduction thitherby reducing friction in the attached part. Small size, reduced friction and long life are the main advantages of thrust bearings. 10Figure 4- Thrust Ball Bearings 112.2 ROLLER BEARINGSRoller bearings are used in applications where the bearings have to support very high loads. Rollers are used in these bearings instead of balls. In these roller is cylindrical in shape and so line contact is formed between rollers and raceways. This spreads the load out a large rural area. Hence they have more load supporting capability. 12 They supply more fatigue endurance than ball bearings. overly the cost of manufacturing is high. These bearings consist of two concentric raceways which consist of rollers in between the two. To increase the load carrying capacity, cylindrical bearings with two or more rows of rollers are constructed. Different types of roller bearings include needle roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, thrust roller bearings and spherical roller bearings. 2Roller-Bearing.jpgLB_OP_Linear_ drive_Bearing_250x250.jpgFigure 5- Roller Bearings 13 Figure 6- Linear Motion Bearing 142.3 LINEAR MOTION BEARINGSLinear motion bearings are the recent products developed in order to provide free motion in one dimension. In machine tool slide ways, very high friction is developed. Linear motion bearing consists of balls which carry the loads laterally in a particular direction and hence wear and tear can be minimised. They provide smooth, precision, guiding surface. The rolling element of a linear bearing rides over it thereby reducing friction. 153. TRIBOLOGICAL FACTORSTribology deals with friction, wear and lubrication. The two severalise factors related to tribology are interacting surfaces and relative motion. It is clear that tribology is concerned with two surfaces in relative motion which are adequately close to one another. Usually a poor tribological interface is designed and then various lubricants are used to lower the friction between the surfaces. The most accep circumvent way is to design a better interface which includes the selection of a good lubricant also to minimise the friction and wear to the lowest. 5 Various tribological factors are to be interpreted into consideration while taking a situation. The important tribological factors includeMaterial rebelsLubricantsOper ating Conditions 53.1 MATERIALThe initial step to be taken while designing a product is the material selection. There are various factors which are taken into consideration while selecting the material. For tribological superman of view the following factors are to be given importance before material selection.Basic mechanical PropertiesFrictionWear ResistanceCompatibility 53.1.1 Basic Mechanical PropertiesThe basic mechanical properties of the material such as elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, yield stress, rigorousness, fatigue resistance, ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity are to be analysed. 5 Also the availability and cost of the material are also taken into account. Based on these observations the exceed material sui carry over for the manufacturing of bearings is selected. The selection of material used for bearings is to be make carefully based on standard specifications. The material plays an important character reference in the performance of the bear ings. This affects the overall performance of the machinery also. The selected material is used to manufacture the load bearing parts of the bearings corresponding raceway grooves and balls or rollers only. Retainers and cages are made from or so other soft materials with desired qualities. 173.1.2 FrictionFriction is the resistance offered by two interacting surfaces in relative motion. The degree of friction is denoted by coefficient of friction . 6 Friction occurred during sliding is known as sliding friction and which occurred during rolling is known as rolling friction. The main factors which cause friction are adhesion between surfaces, surface hardness, asperities etc. 63.1.2.2 Laws of FrictionThere are different laws of friction which are applicable to dry out friction between interacting surfaces. The first and due south laws were put forward by Leonardo da Vinci and tercet law was introduced by Coulomb. 6The first law of friction states that force required to initiat e or aver sliding FT is proportional to FN, the normal force. 6Thus FT FN or FT = .FN 6Where = Coefficient of frictionThe second law of friction states that the friction force FT is independent of the apparent area of contact Aa 6The trey law of friction states that friction is independent of sliding animate. 6It was found that the first two laws of friction are obeyed in virtually all experimental conditions. Lubrication systems can be used to lower the friction developed within the bearings. Friction in bearings depends upon the viscosity of lubricant and shear rate. Self lubricated bearings are widely used as it offers only very low friction. 203.1.3 WearWear can be termed as the material loss or volume loss from the surface of the materials in contact. 21 The main types of wear occurring on material surfaces are adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, corrosive wear. The local pressure at the asperities becomes super high when the normal pressure is acted upon the ma ting surfaces. When the pressure exceeds a certain limit, the asperities deform plastically until the area of contact increased sufficiently to withstand the load.The wear produced due to adhesion process has been explained by Archard equation. softwood = K 22Where Wad = wear rateK = wear coefficientF = normal loadH = hardness of softer materialWhen two dissimilar materials slide over one another, the softer material gets scratched away. Thias type of wear is called as abrasive wear. Fatigue wear occurs when a rotating shaft is subjected to reversal of bending stresses. Corrosive wear is due to the reply of the material surface with the environment or an external agent. 6 Wear occurs in ball and roller bearings due to corrosion, shock loading of fatigue. Atmospheric agents corresponding dirt and girt are the other external factors which are responsible for wear. 43.1.4 CompatibilityAlloys are usually selected as bearing materials. Alloy is a solid stem consisting of two or more metals and elements in fixed proportions. The two alloys which are used to manufacture the bearings are Chrome firebrand and Stainless Steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. 17 Various other elements like silicon, manganese, phosphorous, sulphur, chromium and molybdenum are added in chrome and stainless steels in order to increase the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloys. 18Carbon is used in the alloy to form cementite structure and to formation of pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. This improves hardenability of the alloys up to 0.65%. Wear resistance is increased up to 1.5%. Toughness of the alloy reduces and the brittleness increases when carbon is added. Manganese increases the hardness penetration of steel. Chromium is added to increase hardness, toughness and wear resistance to steel. Silicon acts as the deoxidiser during the manufacturing process. 193.1.4.1 Chrome SteelChrome steel is one of the widely used alloys to manuf acture bearings. It is used mainly in high load bearing applications as this material is capable of withstanding very high loads. The machinability of the material is as high as highly finished, less noisy bearings are obtained. Also the life of the bearings is also very high. beneath test conditions, the Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 60 64 C. This material is used in applications where corrosion is not considered. 16 The constituent elements in the chrome steel are given in the table 1.3.1.4.2 Stainless SteelThe standard material used for the bearings is four hundred series Martensitic Stainless Steel. This type of steel is highly resistant to corrosion and hence stainless steel bearings are used in applications where corrosion is to be taken into account. It is having less load withstanding capacity when compared to chrome steel. There are three types of 400 series Stainless Steel suitable for making bearings. These materials are developed by manufacturers t o be used for certain specific applications. 163.1.4.2.1 DR Stainless steelThis material is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in applications which deal with highly corrosive medium. The material can be precisely machined so as to obtain high degree of finish to the surface of bearing. This helps in smooth, low noise operation of the bearings. The Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 58 60 C. 16 The chemical substance composition of the material is given in table 2.3.1.4.2.2 AISI 440C Stainless SteelAISI 440C Stainless Steel is highly resistant to corrosion and is easily available. But it is not widely used now a day when more modern materials are developed. The Rockwell hardness of the material is 58-60 C. 16 The chemical composition is given in table 3.3.1.4.2.3 ES1 Stainless SteelThis material is highly resistant to corrosion and has high machinability. Thus highly finished surfaces can be produced. The material is having a Rockwell hardness number of 58 60 C. 16 The composition of the material is given in table 4.3.2 SURFACE line up quality of the materials is one of the major(ip) tribological factors which determine the efficiency of the product. 4 Surface finish decides the amount of friction and wear of the material. Surface metric grain and abidance are the terms which are to be given importance.3.2.1 Surface textureThe surface of the material is the part which interacts with the environment. The surface may not be highly finished due to several reasons. It may be due to the imperfections caused during manufacturing, due to external agents or due to loads acting on the surface. The deviations observed on the surface can be mainly classified into three which includes rigor, waviness and break of form. 23 Roughness is the surface irregularities which consist of rises and valleys. This creates an uneven surface pattern. Waviness is the small ups and downs on the surface which is having less bountifulness that of roughness. Thes e may be caused due to work piece deflections, vibration or heat treatment. Error of form is the slight deviations from the nominal shape. 6 The surface profiles can be traced by using different apparatus like Abbott profilometer, Tomilson surface finish recorder and Talysurf surface finish recorder. 43.2.2 ConformityConformity is the degree of agreement between the surfaces. 5 An interface consisting of two plates is said to have high conformity. Journal bearing is an example for high conformity material. An interface consisting of a plate and a ball is said to be having low conformity. Ball bearing is an example for low conformity material. Conformity is an important factor which is to be considered as it has an important role in determining the pressure, shear stress and temperature in the interface. 5Figure 7- Surface Texture 233.3 LUBRICANTSLubrication is the technique active to reduce wear by the interposition of a solid, liquid or gas between the two surfaces which come into contact with one another. It was a persistent problem for man for centuries from the day he used to move materials. Friction consumes and wastes energy whereas wear leads to the damage of the equipment which are undesirable and it has to be avoided at any cost. Every moving part of machinery is subjected to friction leading to wear and tear which has to be avoided. Lubrication plays a brisk role in avoiding the friction between mating surfaces. The history of lubricant begins thousands of years before. It was found that the antique Egyptians used lubricants to avoid friction in the wheels of chariots. 24 In ancient times lubricants were of animal, plant and marine origin. Later mineral aneles were started to use as lubricant. The new science of lubrication based on hydrodynamics came in 1880s. 24 Lubricants are of solids, liquids and gases besides liquid lubricants are widely used. These include mineral oil, synthetic oil, grease, vegetable oil and water. Lubrication is done by applying a thin take in of lubricant between the surfaces in contact. 6 Thus undesirable problems like friction, wear, noise and vibrations can be reduced to a very high extent.3.3.1 ViscosityViscosity of a lubricant is the main characteristic which is taken into account before selecting it for a specific application. Friction, heat generation, film thickness and load carrying capacity depend upon the viscosity of lubricant used. Generally viscosity can be stated as the hindrance of the limpid to flow. But based on lubrication, viscosity is the measure of ability of mobile to maintain lubrication at specific operate conditions. 243.3.2 Lubrication RegimesLubrication can generally be classified into four different regimes based on the thickness of the fluid film in between the surfaces in contact. They includeHydrodynamic LubricationBoundary LubricationMixed LubricationElastohydrodynamic Lubrication3.3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubricationimage8.jpgFigure 7- Hydrodynamic Lubrication 25In hydrodynamic lubrication, a fluid film is formed in between the two surfaces in contact. Thus one surface floats on the other and there occurs no direct contact between the surfaces. In microscopic level the surfaces of the materials consist of asperities. In normal condition without lubrication, the asperities are in direct contact with each other. When one surface slides over the other, the asperities get alter producing friction and hence wear. Hydrodynamic lubrication helps avoid the friction as there is no direct contact between the surfaces. The viscosity of the lubricant helps to increase the fluid pressure in between the surfaces. Thus the lubricant layer holds the surfaces apart. As the lubricant layer formed is thicker than the surface roughness of the material, one material slides over the other without damaging the surface. It is observed that the thickness of the film is more than 1m. 24, 25 The surface is separated apart by hydrostatic lift. A fluid flowing over a su rface immediately takes the speed of the surface. Similarly when the fluid moves in a converging gap, the pressure increases and the surface is lifted. 253.3.2.2 Boundary LubricationBoundary lubrication is a type of lubrication in which the surface roughness of the material is same as that of the fluid layer thickness. Thus when one surface moves upon the other, the asperities comes into contact. When load is applied the asperities gets plastically deformed which leads to friction and wear. As friction is not desirable different methods are also adopted to reduce friction in this type of lubrication. This includes the use of various additives to the lubricants. The additives are classified according to the surface action exhibited on the material surface. They are mainly of three types.Physically absorbed layers chemicly absorbed layersChemical reaction layers3.3.2.2.1 Physically adsorbed layersWhen the lubricant is applied, it forms a layer on the material surface. The weak interm olecular force called van der Walls force exerted by the layer of the lubricant helps to attach to the surface. This layer lubricates and allows the other surface to slide over the other without causing friction. As the lubricant is not undergoing any chemical reaction, the process is reversible. The bonds formed by van der Walls force are weak and it can be removed. The main disadvantage of the physically adsorbed lubricants is that they have a temperature limit above which the lubricant melts.3.3.2.2.2 Chemically adsorbed layersChemically adsorbed layers are those formed due to the chemical reaction with the surface material. Chemisorption is a type of adsorption in which the molecules are hold wicked by the valence force of the molecules of the lubricant. The bonds created are stronger than the physically adsorbed layers. Usually chemically adsorbed lubricants form long train fatty social disease molecules, which has high affinity to metal surfaces. Fatty acid additives like s tearic and oleic acid forms chemically adsorbed layers. The typical thickness of the boundary film is about 3m. As chemical reaction takes place in the interface, the adsorbed layer can be removed only under extreme conditions like high temperature, vacuum or by using some chemical treatments. 263.3.2.2.3 Chemical reaction layersChemical reaction layers are formed by the reaction of additives in the lubricant with the surface of the material on which it is applied. In this adsorption is not taking place, instead a chemical reaction that bonds the lubricant and the material occurs. Thus the layers formed are permanent. The main disadvantage of physisorption and chemisorptions is the temperature limit above which the lubricant gets ineffective. In this type of reaction the working temperature is not a factor. Hence this type of lubrication is used in high speed and high load operating systems as high temperature is developed in these cases. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widel y used as an additive to produce effective chemical reaction films. 243.3.2.2 Mixed LubricationMixed lubrication has the features of both hydrodynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication. In hydrodynamic lubrication the contact surfaces are separated apart by the pressure of the lubricant interposed between the surfaces. Hence there will not be any contact between the two surfaces in motion. But in boundary lubrication, one surface rests on the other. When the surface moves the asperities gets plastically deformed which causes friction and wear. Mixed lubrication acts between the two extremes of hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication. In mixed lubrication regimes a fluid film layer is developed where contact takes place between the asperities of the surfaces. Thus a slight deformation is formed while sliding occurs which is highly desirable. The film thickness ranges from 0.05m to 0.1m. 253.3.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic LubricationElastohydrodynamic lubrication is a type of lubrication w hich brings together hydrodynamic lubrication, hertzian contact and change in viscosity with pressure. In this method of lubrication, the surface is change to minimise friction. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is used in applications where low conformity and highly loaded tribological interfaces are present. Roughness of the wearing surface is taken into consideration in this lubrication. Roughness is taken as the average of high and low points of the surface which is called as the centreline average. 27 A non conformal contact can produce pressure to a very high level. When the pressure increases it directly affects the viscosity of the lubricant. In normal conditions the viscosity of the lubricant is less noticeable but during elastohydrodynamic lubrication the viscosity increases which makes the lubricant act as a semi solid. This creates a thin film of oil in between the mating surfaces. 253.4 OPERATING CONDITIONSOperating conditions are the main aspect to be taken into account while designing a mechanical component including bearings. There are different factors which comprises the operating conditions.LoadRelative MotionTemperatureEnvironment3.4.1 LoadThe load applied on each ball and roller is to be determined to manufacture the bearings which can operate at the desired applications without failure. In order to calculate the load deflection relationship is to be developed for roller element contacting raceways. In almost all the applications the outer or inner raceways is in steady state rotation. The speed of the rotation may not be large enough to affect significantly the distribution of the load equally on each roller or ball elements. The rigidly supported bearing is subjected to radial load which may lead to deflection. The radial deflection at any rolling element is given by = r cos Pd 2Where = radial deflectionr = ring radial shift = angular fixturePd = diametral clearanceThrust load and roller bearings are also subjected to thrust loads wh ich are distributed equally among the rolling elements. The thrust load can be calculated usingQ = Fa / Z Sin 2Where Q = thrust loadFa = applied loadZ = number of rollers per row = contact angle3.4.2 Relative MotionRelative motion is the motion of either one or both surfaces with watch over to each other. There are different forms of relative motion depending upon the style of motion. They include sliding, rolling, spinning and bouncing. glide refers to the smooth course over a surface maintaining the contact between each other. Rolling is the movement by revolving within the axis. Spinning is the rotation of a material within its axis. Bouncing is the rebounding due to an impact. discover for sliding occurs in the rolling bearings due to thrust loads. Bouncing may occur due to sudden fluctuation in loads which may lead to destruction of bearing material.3.4.3 TemperatureOperating temperature is a factor which is to be taken into consideration for the smooth functioning of the bearings at load conditions. Temperature rise may occur in the bearings during operation which may be due to different reasons. One factor which causes the rise in temperature is the application of excess load. If excess load is applied, the material may not be designed to withstand that much high load. So it may lead to failure. Another reason for the temperature rise is the absence of lubricant. The lubricant should be interposed to the surfaces in contact. If it fails to continuously supply the lubricant to the surface, friction is produced which results in gradual rise in temperature. Various coatings are also used to overcome temperature extremes.3.4.4 EnvironmentNature of environment is the feature which can influence the efficiency and life of the bearings. There are different agents which affect the operating conditions of the bearings which may be harmful. These include contaminations like dust, wear particles, air, water, process fluid etc. Insulations are to be provided t o avoid motion picture to these external agents. This can be done by using seals or coatings.4. CONCLUSIONThe various tribological factors are to be considered while designing rolling bearings. This tribological audit looks for the different factors which affect the performance and life of the bearings. The major tribological factors found include material, surface, lubrication and operating conditions. Different solutions are available which can be applied to each factor to lower the friction. Material should be wisely selected which can be easily machined to obtain highly finished surfaces and should possess the strength to withstand the loads applying on it. The material should be selected according to the application. Surface texture and conformity of the material is to be carefully observed as the surface finish is one of the major factors which cause friction. Lubrication plays a major role in the performance of the equipment. Right method of lubrication is selected. Elastohy drodynamic lubrication forms the film with minimum thickness which is the most desirable in bearings. Operating conditions affects the performance and life of the bearings which includes contaminations like dirt, wear particles, water, corrosive process fluid etc. Proper measures are to be taken to avoid flick to these agents. From this audit it is clear that we have to take care of the tribological factors and select the most suitable ones to obtain utmost performance and life to the rolling bearings.