Legitimacy Theory Essay

â€Å"Legitimacy is a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions† (Suchman, 1995, p. 574, emphasis in original) Legitimacy theory has become one of the most cited theories within the social and environmental accounting area. Yet there remains deep scepticism amongst many researchers that it offers any real insight into the voluntary disclosures of corporations. This brief paper outlines responses to two specific concerns identified in the literature. It will eventually form part of a much larger project addressing a range of issues associated with legitimacy theory. First, the paper brings some of the more recent developments in the management and ethical literature on legitimacy and corporations to the accounting table. Second, there are contributions to the theory that have already been made by accounting researchers that are yet to be fully recognised. The author believes that legitimacy theory does offer a powerful mechanism for understanding voluntary social and environmental disclosures made by corporations, and that this understanding would provide a vehicle for engaging in critical public debate. The problem for legitimacy theory in contributing to our understanding of accounting disclosure specifically, and as a theory in general, is that the term has on occasion been used fairly loosely. This is not a problem of the theory itself, and the observation could be equally applied to a range of theories in a range of disciplines (see for example Caudill (1997) on the abuse of Evolutionary Theory). Failure to adequately specify the theory has been identified by Suchman (1995, p. 572, emphasis in original), who observed that â€Å"Many researchers employ the term legitimacy, but few define it†. Hybels (1995, p. 241) comments that â€Å"As the tradesmen [sic] of social science have groped to build elaborate theoretical structures with which to shelter their careers and  disciplines, legitimation has been a blind man’s hammer.† This paper begins to address these issues. Not One Theory but Two (at least) An important issue which needs to be acknowledged is that there are in fact two major classes of legitimacy theory. These are graphically presented in Figure 1 below. The ‘macro-theory’ of legitimation, known as Institutional Legitimacy Theory, deals with how organisational structures as a whole (capitalism for example, or government) have gained acceptance from society at large. â€Å"Within this tradition, legitimacy and institutionalization are virtually synonymous. Both phenomena empower organizations primarily by making them seem natural and meaningful† (Suchman, 1995, p. 576, emphasis in original). In terms of accounting research, given the time frames involved and questions generally being considered, the current business environment, including the capitalist structure, democratic government, etc. are generally taken as a given, a static context within which the research is situated. This assumption would, however, need to be carefully considered for a longitudinal study of any significant length. Figure 1: Layers of Legitimacy Theory INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL GOVERNMENT RELIGION SOCIETY CAPITALISM ORGANISATIONAL LEVEL (IN THIS CASE: COMPANY LTD BY SHARE) Establishment Defence Extension Maintenance From the Moral to the Measurable One layer down from the Institutional Level is what in Figure 1 is called the â€Å"Organisational Level† (sometimes referred to as Strategic Legitimacy Theory). â€Å"Underlying organizational legitimacy is a process, legitimation, by which an organization seeks approval (or avoidance of sanction) from groups in society† (Kaplan and Ruland, 1991, p. 370). It is from this level  that most accounting research tends to draw its understanding of legitimacy. Mathews (1993, p. 350) provides a good definition of legitimacy at this level: Organisations seek to establish congruence between the social values associated with or implied by their activities and the norms of acceptable behaviour in the larger social system in which they are a part. In so far as these two value systems are congruent we can speak of organisational legitimacy. When an actual or potential disparity exists between the two value systems there will exist a threat to organisational legitimacy. At its simplest, within the Organisational view â€Å"legitimacy [is] an operational resource †¦ that organizations extract – often competitively – from their cultural environments and that they employ in pursuit of their goals† (Suchman, 1995, p. 575 6, emphasis in original). Legitimacy, just like money, is a resource a business requires in order to operate. Certain actions and events increase that legitimacy, and others decrease it. Low legitimacy will have particularly dire consequences for an organisation, which could ultimately lead to the forfeiture of their right to operate. Although we can describe a firm as being legitimate, and conceive of ‘amounts’ of legitimacy, it becomes a very subjective exercise to try and directly measure legitimacy. Although it has concrete consequences, legitimacy itself is an abstract concept, given reality by multiple actors in the social environment. For a researcher to try and directly establish, or even rank, the legitimacy of various organisations would seem to be a necessarily subjective undertaking, preferencing the researcher’s own views. As Hybels (1995, p. 243) argues, â€Å"I reject this view because it is based on a conflation of the roles of observer and participant in social science†. As an alternative, rather than trying to subjectively measure a firm’s legitimacy directly it can instead be inferred from the fact that being legitimate â€Å"enables organizations to attract resources necessary for survival (e.g., scarce materials, patronage, political approval)† (Hearit, 1995, p. 2). Hybels (1995, p. 243) develops this in some detail: Legitimacy often has been conceptualized as simply one of many resources that organizations must obtain from their environments. But rather than viewing legitimacy as something that is exchanged among institutions, legitimacy is better conceived as both part of the context for exchange and  a by-product of exchange. Legitimacy itself has no material form. It exists only as a symbolic representation of the collective evaluation of an institution, as evidenced to both observers and participants perhaps most convincingly by the flow of resources. †¦ resources must have symbolic import to function as value in social exchange. But legitimacy is a higher-order representation of that symbolism – a representation of representations. Hybels (1995, p. 243) argues that good models in legitimacy theory must examine the relevant stakeholders, and how â€Å"Each influences the flow of resources crucial to the organizations’ establishment, growth, and survival, either through direct control or by the communication of good will†. He identifies (p. 244) four critical organisational stakeholders, each of which control a number of resources. These are summarised in Table 1 below. Table 1: Critical Organisational Stakeholder STAKEHOLDER RESOURCES CONTROLLED Contracts, grants, legislation, regulation, tax (Note that the (1) The state last three of these could be either a ‘negative’ or ‘positive’ depending on the implementation) (2) The public (3) The financial community (4) The media Few ‘direct resources’; however, can substantially influence the decisions of stakeholders (2) & (3) (if not (1)) Patronage (as customer), support (as community interest), labour Investment The last of these has received considerable attention. The power of the media has been noted by a number of researchers, including Patten (2002, p. 153), who states â€Å"that while increased media attention can certainly lead to the potential for increased pressures from any of the three sources [dissatisfaction of public; new or proposed political action; increased regulatory oversight], increases in pressure can  also arise, particularly with respect to regulatory oversight.† See also Deegan et al. (2000, 2002). Companies try to manage their legitimacy because it â€Å"helps to ensure the continued inflow of capital, labour and customers necessary for viability†¦ It also forestalls regulatory activities by the state that might occur in the absence of legitimacy†¦ and pre-empts product boycotts or other disruptive actions by external parties†¦ By mitigating these potential problems, organizational legitimacy provides managers with a degree of autonomy to decide how and where business will be conducted† (Neu  et al., 1998, p. 265). Researchers need to move away from trying to directly assess legitimacy, and instead focus on measuring it in terms of the resources relevant stakeholders provide. â€Å"Rather than engage in the further development of entirely abstract constructions of the legitimation process†¦ researchers should investigate the flow of resources from organizational constituencies as well as the pattern and content of communications† (Hybels, 1995, p. 244). But Wait†¦ There’s More As shown in Figure 1 Organisational Legitimacy Theory suggests that a firm may be in one of four phases with regard to its legitimacy. These phases are outlined below, some examples of industries/firms that might be considered to be operating in each of these phases are included (further research needs to be undertaken in this area). Establishing Legitimacy. (E.g. Stem Cell based bio-tech). This first phase represents the early stages of a firm’s development and tends to revolve around issues of competence, particularly financial, but the organisation must be aware of â€Å"socially constructed standards of quality and desirability as well as perform in accordance with accepted standards of professionalism† (Hearit, 1995, p. 2). Maintaining Legitimacy. (The majority of organisations). This is the phase that most firms would generally expect to be operating in, where their â€Å"activities include: (1) ongoing role performance and symbolic assurances that all is well, and (2) attempts to anticipate and prevent or forestall potential challenges to legitimacy† (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 183). However the maintenance of legitimacy is not as easy as it may at first appear. Legitimacy is a dynamic construct. â€Å"Community expectations are not considered static, but rather, change across time thereby requiring organisations to be responsive to the environment in which they operate. An organisation could, accepting this view, lose its legitimacy even if it has not changed its activities from activities which were previously deemed acceptable (legitimate)† (Deegan et al., 2002, p. 319 – 20). Extending Legitimacy. (E.g. Alternative Health Providers). There may come a point where an organisation enters new markets or changes the way it relates to its current market. This can give rise to a need to extend  legitimacy which is â€Å"apt to be intense and proactive as management attempts to win the confidence and support of wary potential constituents† (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 180). Defending Legitimacy. (E.g. Uranium Mining). Legitimacy may be threatened by an incident (internal or external), and therefore require defence. â€Å"Legitimation activities tend to be intense and reactive as management attempts to counter the threat† (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 183). Even barring a major incident it is likely in the Western Capitalist system that almost every corporation will regularly need to defend its legitimacy, by the mere fact that â€Å"corporations must fulfil both a competence and community requirement to realize legitimacy†¦ Satisfaction of stockholder interests often occurs at the expense of community concerns (e.g., the despoiling of the environment, the use of labour) while, conversely, responsibility to the larger community often occurs at the expense of the stockholder† (Hearit, 1995, p. 3). It is this last phase that has tended to be the main focus of accounting researchers. It also provides us with the clearest opportunity to examine the crucial link between legitimacy and resources. Lindblom (1994), a key paper cited by many Social and Environmental Accounting researchers, also seems relevant specifically to this phase only. An example of work in this area is Deegan et al.’s (2000) study of five major incidents (including the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Bhopal Disaster) which provided a context to examine the annual reports of related (in industrial terms) Australian firms to see if there had been a significant change in their social or environmental reporting. They concluded: The results of this study are consistent with legitimacy theory and show that companies do appear to change their disclosure policies around the time of major company and industry related social events. †¦ These results highlight the strategic nature of voluntary social disclosures and are consistent with a view that management considers that annual report social disclosures are a useful device to reduce the effects upon a corporation of events that are perceived to be unfavourable to a corporation’s image (Deegan et al., 2000, p. 127). The Diagnosis Needs Refinement This is where the traditional legitimacy model stops. However my own  research, into the tobacco industry, Tilling (2004), and that of other researchers, including experimental research undertaken by O’Donovan (2002), suggest a further development of the Organisational Legitimacy Level, as depicted in Figure 2 below. Added to the model is the possibility that a firm may not successfully (or may be unable to) defend the threat to its legitimacy and actually start to lose legitimacy. Figure 2: Refinement of the Organisational Level of Legitimacy Theory Establishment Loss Defence Disestablishment Extension Maintenance In this model the defence phase is usually entered by an organisation after some form of one-off ‘incident’ or ‘accident’ which threatens its legitimacy. This phase could be characterised as being ‘acute’, it can be serious, some times even fatal, but usually, with proper management, the organisation can maintain, or at least recover, its legitimacy. However should there be an ongoing series of events, indicative of a systemic issue, e.g. the nuclear power industry, or a single event with permanent consequences which cannot be effectively managed, e.g. realisation that the organisation’s product is not safe such as the tobacco industry, an organisation is likely to have its legitimacy eroded over a period of time (the ‘loss’ phase), which can be characterised as ‘chronic’. The issue can be difficult to manage, and generally leads to declining legitimacy, however the loss may be managed and slowed over a long period of time, or significant change could lead to reestablishment of legitimacy. The ‘loss’ phase is most likely to be preceded by sustained media and NGO scrutiny, and accompanied by increasing government regulation, monitoring and possibly taxation. Within this phase there are likely to be periods where the company will increase its voluntary social and environmental disclosure in an effort to meet specific threats (such as to postpone or defeat proposed regulations) or to communicate systemic corporate change  (similar to the defence phase). However, with each new restriction average total disclosure can be expected to decrease. This idea is alluded to by O’Donovan (2002) who argues, based on experimental evidence, that the lower the perceived legitimacy of the organisation, the less likely it is to bother providing social and environmental disclosure. Watch This Space Legitimacy theory offers researchers, and the wider public, a way to critically unpack corporate disclosures. However the understanding and study of the theory must become more sophisticated, drawing on developments both within the accounting literature and beyond. Only then will the full potential of legitimacy theory for examining a wide range of disclosures be fully realised. Areas that would provide useful insights include at the moment the asbestos industry (as it goes through the disestablisment phase), brothels (as they become much more legitimate within the Australian context), and the forestry industry (as it tries to defend its legitimacy), to name but a few. The knowledge gained will then be used to provide better and more useful information to inform decision making by stakeholders. In this way society is empowered to have greater control and oversight over the way resources are allocated. References: Ashford, B. E. and B. W. Gibbs (1990) â€Å"The Double-Edge of Organizational Legitimation†, Organization Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 177 – 194. Caudill, E. (1997) Darwinian Myths: The Legends and Misuses of a Theory, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press. Deegan, C., M. Rankin and J. Tobin (2002) â€Å"An Examination of the Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosures of BHP from 1983-1997: A Test of Legitimacy Theory†, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 312 – 343. Deegan, C., M. Rankin and P. Voght (2000) â€Å"Firms’ Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents: Australian Evidence†, Accounting Forum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 101 – 130. Hearit, K. M. (1995) â€Å"‘Mistakes Were Made’: Organizations, Apologia, and Crises of Social Legitimacy†, Communication Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1-2, pp. 1 – 17. Hybels, R. C. (1995) â€Å"On Legitimacy, Legitimation, and Organizations: A Critical Review and Integrative Theoretical Model†, Academy of Management  Journal, Special Issue: Best Papers Proceedings, 1995, pp. 241 – 245. Kaplan, S. E. and R. G. Ruland (1991) â€Å"Positive Theory, Rationality and Accounting Regulation†, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 361 374. Lindblom, C. K. (1994), â€Å"The Implications of Organizational Legitimacy for Corporate Social Performance and Disclosure†, Critical Perspectives on Accounting Conference, New York. Mathews, M. R. (1993) Socially Responsible Accounting, UK, Chapman & Hall. Neu, D., H. Warsame and K. Pedwell (1998) â€Å"Managing Public Impressions: Environmental Disclosures in Annual Reports†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 265 – 282. O’Donovan, G. (2002) â€Å"Environmental Disclosures in the Annual Report: Extending the Applicability and Predictive Power of Legitimacy Theory†, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 344 – 371. Patten, D. M. (2002) â€Å"Media Exposure, Public Policy Pressure, and Environmental Disclosure: An Examination of the Impact of Tri Data Availability†, Accounting Forum, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 152 – 171. Suchman, M. C. (1995) â€Å"Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches†, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 571 610. Tilling, M. (2004), â€Å"Communication at the Edge: Voluntary Social and Environmental Reporting in the Annual Report of a Legitimacy Threatened Corporation†. APIRA Conference Proceedings, Singapore, July.

When The World Stands Out, Aspire To Be Outstanding

We are all different. We view things from different perspectives. What one person acknowledges as the truth may not be accepted by others. There exists a plethora of interpretations, which are rooted on the fact that people come from varying backgrounds – politically, socially and culturally. These differences allows people to be unique in there own ways. The world is divided, geologically speaking. As such, people grew up in societies that have dissimilar and often conflicting views on a number of things. I was born in Bangkok. The place that I first called my home is a bustling city.Being the capital of Thailand, most efforts in relation to economic development are concentrated there. It dominates the country’s economy. Unfortunately, the continued development of Bangkok results to the neglect of other urban centers. This makes the disparity in wealth distribution more intense. Despite the developed faà §ade of the city, the truth that there is inequality still linge rs. Growing up in a country like Thailand, where people from neighboring countries come to work, I have learned to accept the fact that the things I believe in is not always the same as the things that the people around me agree to.Confrontation is not always the best solution. If I keep on asserting my own views upon others, I know that we won’t come to an agreement. It is best to base my judgment on respect and not animosity. It is in this line of thinking that I gained the courage to speak out, even though, I know that others won’t agree with me. Deep inside I am hoping that they would respect my opinion regardless of my political, social and cultural viewpoints since I do the same to them. The other reason why I choose to go against the grain, sometimes, is due to the fact that I would like to create a better future for myself, my family and my community.I have seen both the glittering and rusty covered side of life when I was in Bangkok. I know that I can do bette r if I work hard and believe in own capabilities. I also know that I can a difference in the world in the same way that the world affects me. When the odds are against me, I try to remember that I am more fortunate than others because I am able to exercise some of my rights especially my right to education. I am thankful for what I have now that is why I work hard to show how much I appreciate them. Once again, I can say that I draw my strength from my family and community.

University of Madras

nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;; UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS (Established under the Act of Incorporation XXVII of 1857 – Madras University Act 1923) B. Sc. / B. C. A. DEGREE [CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM] EXAMINATIONS November 2012 (State University) TIME-TABLE [For candidates admitted to the Course of Study from the Academic Year 2008-2009] Time: FN – 10. 00 am to 01. 00 pm AN – 02. 00 pm to 05. 00 pm Max: 75 Marks DATE & SESSION SUBJECTS SUBJECT CODEFOUNDATION COURSES PART – I – LANGUAGES – FIRST SEMESTER Tamil – I CLA1A Telugu – I CLB1A Kannanda – I CLC1A Malayalam – I CLD1A Hindi – I CLE1A 15-11-2012 FN Urdu – I CLF1A Sanskrit – I CLG1A Arabic – I CLH1A Arabic – I (Candidate admitted from 2012-13) CLH1E French – I CLK1A French – I (Candidate admitted from 2012-13) CLK1E SECOND SEMESTER Tamil – II CLA2B Tamil – II (Candidate admitted from 2010-2011) Telugu – II Kannanda – II 15-11-2012 AN Malayalam – II Hindi – II Urdu – II Sanskrit – II Arabic – II French – II THIRD SEMESTER Tamil – III Telugu – III Kannanda – III Malayalam – III 10-11-2012 FN Hindi – III Urdu – III Sanskrit – III Arabic – III French – III FOURTH SEMESTER Tamil – IV Telugu – IV Kannanda – IV Malayalam – IV 10-11-2012 AN Hindi – IV Urdu – IV Sanskrit – IV Arabic – IV French – IV CLA2G CLB2B CLC2B CLD2B CLE2B CLF2B CLG2B CLH2B CLK2B CLA3C CLB3C CLC3C CLD3C CLE3C CLF3C CLG3C CLH3C CLK3C CLA4D CLB4D CLC4D CLD4D CLE4D CLF4D CLG4D CLH4D CLK4D 2 FOUNDATION COURSES PART – II – ENGLISH -FIRST SEMESTER English – I (For candidates admitted in 2008-2009 Batch) CLZ1A English – I (From 2009-2010 Batch – for BCA/B. Sc. 17-11-2012 FN CLZ1E Electronics and communication science Br. ) English – I (From 2009-2010 Batch – for B. Sc. & B. A. Candidates) CLZ1H SECOND SEMESTER English – II CLZ2B English – II (From 2009-2010 Batch- for BCA / B. Sc.CLZ2G 17-11-2012 AN Electronics and communication science Br. ) English – II (From 2009-2010 Batch- for B. A. /B. Sc. All CLZ2J Branches except Electronics and communication Science) THIRD SEMESTER 14-11-2012 FN English – III CLZ3C FOURTH SEMESTER 14-11-2012 AN English – IV CLZ4D FOURTH SEMESTERSPECIAL SUBJECT – COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES 16-11-2012 AN Environmental Studies ENV4A CORE COURSE-MAIN SUBJECTS [TAD] ADVANCED ZOOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER (Candidate admitted from 2012-2013 Batch onwards) 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Invertebrate Paper – I Invertebrate TAD1A TAE1A [TAE] ZOOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER (Candidate admitted from 2012-2013 onwards) SAA] ADVANCED ZOOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY & [SAW] ZOOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER 20-11 -2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 AN Paper – I Invertebrate-I SECOND SEMESTER Paper – II Invertebrate-II THIRD SEMESTER Paper-IV Chordata-I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- V Chordata-II FIFTH SEMESTER Paper-VII- Cell Biology Paper-VIII- Genetics Paper-IX – Animal Physiology Paper – X – Bio Statistics & Computer Applications SIXTH SEMESTER Paper-XI Environmental Biology & Evolution Paper-XII Developmental Biology & Immunology Paper-XIII Biotechnology & Microbiology Bio Statistics & Computer Applications ELECTIVIES – I/II/III Bio-Informatics Computer Application in Life Science Medical Lab Technique and Bio instrumentation Pisciculture and Aquarium Fish Keeping Sericulture and Apiculture Economic Entomology and Pest Management SAA4A SAA5A SAA5B S AA5C SAA5D/ SAA6D SAA6A SAA6B SAA6C SAA6D/ SAA5D SEAAA SEAAB SEAAC SEAAD SEAAE SEAAG SAA3A SAA2B SAA1A 3 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN SAB] BIOCHEMISTRY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I Cell Biology SECOND SEMESTER Paper – II Chemistry of Biomolecules THIRD SEMESTER Paper IV: Biochemical Techniques–I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- V Biochemical Techniques–II FIFTH SEMESTER Paper VII: Enzymes Paper VIII- Intermediary Metabolism Paper IX: Molecular Biology Elective- I Biotechnology SIXTH SEMESTER Paper X –Nutritional Biochemistry & Human Rights Pa per XI – Clinical Bio Chemistry ELECTIVES Elective – II – Immunology Elective – III – Physiology [SAC] BIOTECHNOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I Cell Biology SECOND SEMESTER Paper – III Molecular Developmental Biology THIRD SEMESTER Paper-V – Genetics FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- VII- Plant Biotechnology FIFTH SEMESTER Paper- IX – Animal and Medical Biotechnology Paper- X – Bioinformatics Paper-XI-Immunology Elective –I Pharmaceutical Biotechnology SIXTH SEMESTER Paper XIII – Genetic Engineering Paper XIV – Bioprocess Technology ELECTIVES Elective – II Microbial Biotechnology Elective – III Environmental Biotechnology [SAD] CHEMISTRY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I General Chemistry I SECOND SEMESTER Paper – III General Chemistry II THIRD SEMESTER Paper – V – General Chemistry III FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- V Inorganic Chemistry – I FIFTH SEMESTER Paper –VII-Inorganic Chemistry II Paper – VIII- Organic Chemistry I Paper – IX–Physical Chemistry I (Prior to 2010-11) Paper – IX–Physical Chemistry I (Candidate admitted from 2010-2011) SAB1A SAB2B SAB3A SAB4A SAB5A SAB5B SAB5C SEB5A SAB6A SAB6B SEB6A SEB6B SAC1A SAC2B SAC3A SAC4A SAC5A SAC5B SAC5C SEC5A SAC6A SAC6B SEC6A SEC6B SAD1A SAD2B SAD3A SAD4A SAD5A SAD5B SAD5C SAD5D SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XII Organic Chemistry – II SAD6A Paper – XIII Physical Chemistry –II SAD6B Paper – XIV Analytical Chemistry SAD6C ELECTIVES – I/ II/ III Material and Nano Chemistry SEDAA Industrial Chemistry SEDAB Pharmaceutical Chemistry SEDAC Applied Electrochemistry SEDAD Leather Chemistry SEDAE Polymer Electrochemistry SEDAG [SAE] COMPUTER SCIENCE – FIRST SEMESTER Programming in C SAE1A SECOND SEMESTER Digital Electronics and Microprocessors SAE2B THIRD SEMESTER Paper–V-Programming in C++ and Data Struc tures SAE3A / SAZ3A FOURTH SEMESTER Paper- VII – Programming in Java SAE4A / SAZ4A FIFTH SEMESTER Paper – IX Operating systems SAE5A Paper -X-Database Management Systems SAE5B / SAZ5A Paper – XI – Computer Architecture and SAE5C Organization ELECTIVIES – I Visual Programming SEE5A / SEZ5A/ SEU6C RDBMS with ORACLE SEE5B / SEZ5B Unix Programming SEE5C / SEZ5C SIXTH SEMESTER SAE6A/ Paper – XIII Data Communication & Networking SAZ6B/ SEU6D SAE6B/SAZ6A Paper – XIV Web Technology ELECTIVIES – II 06-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN Data Mining Object Oriented Analysis and Design Software Testing ELECTIVIES – III 24-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN Client Server Computing Computer Graphics Software Engineering Paper-I Electricity And Basic Electronics SECOND SEMESTER Paper-II Electromangetism and AC Circuits THIRD SEMESTER Paper-IV Se miconductor Physics Paper–V Numerical Methods Paper – VI – Amplifiers and Oscillators FOURTH SEMESTER Paper-VII – Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits Paper–VIII-Programming in C Paper –IX – Digital Electronics SEE6D/ SEZ6E/ SEU6E SEE6E SEE6G SAG1A SAG2B SAG3A SAG3B SAG3C SAG4A SAG4B SAG4C SEE6A/SEZ6A SEE6C/SEZ6C SEE6B/ SAZ6C/ SEU6G 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 22-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN [SAG] ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE – FIRST SEMESTER FIFTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 FN Paper –XI- Microprocessor (Intel 8085) SAG5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – XII-Antennas and Wave Propagation SAG5B 03-11-2012 FN Paper XIII–Communication Electronics SAG5C ELECTIVIES – I Medical Electronics SEG5A Industrial Electronics SEG5B 05-11-2012 FN Power Electronics SEG5C Computer Networks SEG5D SIXTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 AN Paper XV – Microprocessor Interfacing (Intel 8085) SAG6A 02-11-2012 AN Paper XVI – Television and Video Engineering SAG6B 03-11-2012 AN Paper XVII – Opto – Electronics SAG6C Paper XVIII – Electrical & Electronics 05-11-2012 AN SAG6D Instrumentation [SAH] HOTEL & CATERING MANAGEMENT – FIRST SEMESTER 15-11-2012 FN Paper – I French – I SAH1A 17-11-2012 FN Paper – II English – I SAH1B 20-11-2012 FN Paper-III Food Production-I SAH1C 21-11-2012 FN Paper – IV Food & Beverage Service – I SAH1D 22-11-2012 FN Paper – V Front Office Operation-I SAH1E 23-11-2012 FN Paper-VI Nutrition & Food Science-I (Max. 35 Marks) SBH1A 15-11-2012 AN 17-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 22-11-2012 AN 23-11-2012 AN SECOND SEMESTER Paper – VII French – II Paper – VIII Engl ish – II Paper–IX Food Production– II Paper – X Food & Beverage Service – II Paper–XI Accomodation Operation – I Paper XII–Nutrition and Food Science II (Max. 35 Marks) SAH2G SAH2H SAH2J SAH2K SBH2B SBH2C 6-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 FN 24-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 10-11-2012 FN 14-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 10-11-2012 AN 14-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN THIRD SEMESTER Food Production – III Food and Beverage Service – III Hotel Engineering and Maintenance (Max. 35 Marks) Principles of Management (Max. 35 Marks) Hotel Accounting System (Max. 35 Marks) Food and Beverage Management (Max. 35 Marks) FIFTH SEMESTER Food Production – IV Food & Beverage Service – IV Front Office Operation- II Marketing and Sales Management (Max. 35 Marks) Hotel Law (Max. 35 Marks) Hotel Financial Management (Max. 5 Marks) SIXTH SEMESTER Food Production Facility Planning (Max. 35 Marks) Accommodation Operation – II Human Rights and Human Relations Education (Max. 35 Marks) Application of Computer (Max. 35 Marks) SAH3A SAH3B SBH3A SBH3B SBH3C SBH3D SAH5A SAH5B SAH5C SAH5D SAH5E SAH5G SAH6A SAH6B SAH6C SAH6D SAH6E [TAJ] HOME SCIENCE EMERING TECHNOLOGY – CLINICAL NUTRITION AND DIETETICS – FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Food Science SAJ1A 21-11-2012 FN Paper – II Human Physiology SAJ1B [SAJ] CLINICAL NUTRITION AND DIETETICS – FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER 20-11-2012 AN Paper – III Basic Nutrition SAJ2C 21-11-2012 AN Paper – IV Family Meal Management SAJ2D/ SAL4A THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN Paper– V-Microbiology of Sanitation and Hygiene FOURTH SEMESTER Paper–VII Personnel Management Paperâ€⠀œVIII Nutritional Biochemistry FIFTH SEMESTER Paper IX – Human Development Paper – X – Advanced Dietetics Paper XI- Quantity Food Production Paper XII – Clinical Nutrition Elective I – Principles of Interior Design SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Food Service Equipment and Layout Paper XIV – Community Nutrition Paper – XV Management of Resources ELECTIVES – II/III Electives – II Entrepreneurship Development SAJ3A SAJ4A SAJ4B SAJ5A/SAK5A/ SAL5A SAJ5B SAJ5C / SAL5C SAJ5D SEJ5A / SEL5A SAJ6A/SAL6A SAJ6B/SAL6B SAJ6C/SAL6C SEJ6A SEJ6B/SEK6B/ 06-11-2012 AN Electives – III Family Studies SEL6B [TAK] HOME SCIENCE EMERING TECHNOLOGY – INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR – FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Principles of Interior Decoration – I SAK1A 21-11-2012 FN Principles of Interior Decoration – II SAK1B [SAK] INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR – FIRST SEMESTER SECOND SEMESTER 20-11-2012 AN Principles of I nterior Design- I SAK2C 21-11-2012 AN Principles of Interior Design-II SAK2D THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN Paper -V – Applied art on textiles – I SAK3APaper–VI-Interior Design and Applied arts (Minor 19-11-2012 FN SAK3B Arts ) FOURTH SEMESTER Paper-VII – Interior Design and Applied arts 09-11-2012 AN SAK4A (Major Arts ) 19-11-2012 AN Paper–VIII- Applied art on textiles – II SAK4B FIFTH SEMESTER SAK5A/SAJ5A/ 01-11-2012 FN Paper – IX -Human Development SAL5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – X – Textiles and Clothing I SAK5B Paper XI – Fine Arts, Drawing, Sculpture and 03-11-2012 FN SAK5C Painting SAK5D 05-11-2012 FN Paper XII-Fundamentals of Foods and Nutrition SEK5A 06-11-2012 FN Elective I – Mass Communication SIXTH SEMESTER SAK6A 01-11-2012 AN Paper – XIII – Textiles and Clothing II Paper – XIV – Fine Arts, Drawing, Sculpture and SAK6B 02-11-2012 AN Painting SAK6C 03-11-2012 AN Paper XV â⠂¬â€œ Principles of Resource Management ELECTIVES II/III SEK6A 05-11-2012 AN Electives – II Communication and Graphic Design SEK6B/SEJ6B/ 06-11-2012 AN Electives – III Family Studies SEL6B [TAL] HOME SCIENCE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY NUTRITION, FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND DIETETICS FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Food Science SAJ1A 21-11-2012 FN Paper – II Human Physiology SAJ1B [SAL] NUTRITION, FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND DIETETICS SECOND SEMESTER 19-11-2012 AN Paper – III Microbiology SAL2A 20-11-2012 AN Paper – IV House Keeping SAL2B THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN Paper – V- Biochemistry SAL3A FOURTH SEMESTER 21-11-2012 AN Paper –VII Family Meal Management SAL4A / SAJ2D 09-11-2012 AN Paper – VIII Human Nutrition SAL4B FIFTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 FN Paper – IX – Human Development SAL5A /SAK5A / SAJ5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – X – Dietetics SAL5B 03-11-2012 FN Paper XI – Quantity Food Product ion SAL5C / SAJ5C SAL5D 05-11-2012 FN Paper XII- Fundamentals of Textiles and Clothing SEL5A / SEJ5A 06-11-2012 FN Elective I – Principles of Interior Design SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Food Service Equipment and Layout SAL6A/ SAJ6A 01-11-2012 AN SAL6B/ SAJ6B 02-11-2012 AN Paper – XIV Community Nutrition SAL6C/SAJ6C 03-11-2012 AN Paper – XV Management of Resources SEL6A 05-11-2012 AN Electives-II Clothing Construction SEL6B / SEK6B / SEJ6B 06-11-2012 AN Electives – III Family Studies [SAM] MATHEMATICS – FIRST SEMESTER 21-11-2012 FN 22-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 AN 22-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 FN Paper – I Algebra And Trigonometry-I Paper – II Calculus And Co-Ordinate Geometry of 2 Dimensions SECOND SEMESTER SAM1A/TAB1A SAM1B/TAB1B SAM2C/TAB2A SAM2D/TAB2B SAM3A/TAB3A SAM3B/TAB3B Paper – III Algebra and Trigonometry-II Paper –IV Calculusand Differential Geomentry THIRD SEMESTER Paper –V Differential equa tions and Laplace transforms Paper – VI Coordinate geometry of 3 dimensions and probability FOURTH SEMESTER 9-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 FN 24-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN Paper –VII Vector Calculus, Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms Paper – VIII Statics FIFTH SEMESTER SAM4A SAM4B SAM5A SAM5B SAM5C SAM5D SAM6A SAM6B SAM6C SEMAA SEMAB SEMAC SEMAD SEMAE SEMAG SEMAH SEMAJ SEMAK SEMAM SEMAL Paper –IX Algebraic Structures –I Paper – X – Real Analysis –I Paper –XI – Dynamics Paper –XII -Programming Language ‘C’ SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Algebraic Structures –II Paper – XIV Real Analysis – II Paper – XV Complex Analysis ELECTIVIES – I/II/IIIOp erations Research-I Graph Theory-I Special Functions-I Astronomy-I Operation Research II Graphy Theory II Special Functions II Astronomy II Discrete Mathematics Discrete Mathematics (Candidate admitted from 2012-2013) Elementary Number Theory 8 [SAN] MICROBIOLOGY –FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN `02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN Paper – I General Microbiology SECOND SEMESTERSAN1A SAN2B SAN3A SAN4A SAN5A SAN5B SAN5C SEN5A SAN6A SAN6B SEN6A SEN6B SAR1A SAR2B/TAC2A SAR3A Paper – III Immunology & Microbial Genetics THIRD SEMESTER Paper V – Molecular Biology FOURTH SEMESTER Paper VII – Soil and Agricultural Microbiology FIFTH SEMESTER Paper IX – Medical Bacteriology Paper X – Medical Mycology and Parasitology Paper XI – Medical Virology Elective – I -Genetic Engineering SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII – Environmental Microbiology Paper – XIV – Food and Diary Microbiology Electives – II Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Electives – III Biotechnology [SAR] PHYSICS -FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I Mechanics And Properties of Matter SECOND SEMESTER Paper – II Thermal Physics & AccousticsTHIRD SEMESTER Paper – IV Optics FOURTH SEMESTER Paper –V – Atomic Physics FIFTH SEMESTER SAR4A SAR5A SAR5B SAR5C SAR5D SER5A SAR6A SAR6B SER6A SER6B SAS1A SAS2B SAS3A SAS4A SAS5A SAS5B SAS5C SAS5D SES5A SAS6A SAS6B SAS6C SES6A SES6B Paper VII Electricity and Elect romagnetism Paper VIII Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics Paper – IX – Solid State Physics Paper – X – Basic Electronics Electives – I Numerical Methods SIXTH SEMESTER Paper XI Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Paper – XII Mathematical Methods in Physics Electives – II Integrated Electronics Electives – III Microprocessor Fundamentals Paper–I Plant Diversity– I Phycology SECOND SEMESTER SAS] PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER Plant Diversity – II Mycology, Virology, Bacteria and Lichens THIRD SEMESTER Paper- IV – Bryophytes and Pteridophytes FOURTH SEMESTER Paper –V – Gymnosperms and Paleobotany FIFTH SEMESTER Paper VII – Plant Morphology and Taxonomy Paper- VIII – Plant Anatomy and Embryology Paper- IX -Environmental science and Phytogeography Paper – X Cell Biology and Molecular Biology Electives – I Horticulture SIXTH SEMESTER P aper – XI Genetics, Plant Breeding, Evolution and Biostatistics Paper – XII – Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry Paper – XIII Economic Botany Electives – II Advanced Plant Biotechnology Electives – III Plant pathology [SAT] PSYCHOLOGY – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I General Psychology – I Paper-II Biological Basis of Behavior-I SECOND SEMESTER Paper – III General Psychology–II Paper-IV Biological Basis of Behavior-II THIRD SEMESTER Paper–V Developmental Psychology – I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper –VII – Developmental Psychology – II FIFTH SEMESTER Paper – IX- Psychopathology – I Paper – X – Psychological Research and Measurement 20-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN 20- 11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN SAT1A SAT1B SAT2C SAT2D SAT3A SAT4A SAT5A SAT5B SAT5C SAT5D SET5A SAT6A SAT6B SAT6C SET6A SET6B SAU1A SAE1A SAU3A SBU3A SAU4A SBU4A SAU5A SAU5B SAU5C SEU5A SEU5B SEU5C SAU6A SAU6BPaper – XI – Applied Psychology Paper–XII- Social Psychology- I Elective – I – Health Psychology SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII Psychopathology – II Paper – XIV Organizational Psychology Paper – XV – Social Psychology – II Electives – II Counselling and Guidance Electives – III Human Resource Management [SAU] SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS – FIRST SEMESTER Fundamentals of Digital Computers SECOND SEMESTER Programming in C THIRD SEMESTER Paper–V Data Structures through C++ Applied Physics- I FOURTH SEMESTER Paper–VII– Microprocessor and its Applications Applied Physics- II FIFTH SEM ESTER Paper – IX : Software Engineering Paper – X : Operating Systems Paper – XI : Programming in JAVA ELECTIVIES – I Computer Oriented Mathematics Software Project Management Object Oriented Analysis and Design SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XIII: Object Oriented Software Engineering Paper – XIV: Database Management Systems ELECTIVIES – II Multimedia Systems 06-11-2012 FN 7-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN 22-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 24-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN Software Quality and Assurance Visual Programming ELECTIVIES – III Data Communication and Networking SEU6D/ SAZ6B/ SAE6A Client Server Computing SEU6E/ SEE6D/ SEZ6E Software Testing SEU6G/ SEE6B/ SAZ6C [SAY] ELECTRONIC MEDIA – FIRST SEMESTER Paper – I History of Electronic Media SAY1A Paper – II Principles of Audiography SAY1B SECOND SEMESTER Paper â€⠀œ III Communication Skills SAY2C Paper – IV Radio Production SAY2D THIRD SEMESTER Paper– V – Videography SAY3A Paper–VI–Video Editing (Principles and Practices) SAY3B SEU6A/ SEZ6D SEU6B SEU6C / SEE5A / SEZ5A 10FOURTH SEMESTER Paper– VII Elements of Film SAY4A Paper–VIII– Scriptwriting and Direction SAY4B FIFTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 FN Paper – IX – Television Production Management SAY5A 02-11-2012 FN Paper – X – Media Aesthetics SAY5B 03-11-2012 FN Paper – XI – Graphics and Animation SAY5C SIXTH SEMESTER 01-11-2012 AN Paper – XIII – Media Organization SAY6A 02-11-2012 AN Paper – XIV – Media Culture and Society SAY6B (TAA) – STATISTICS – FIRST SEMESTER 20-11-2012 FN Descriptive Statistics TAA1A 21-11-2012 FN Mathematics for Statistics – I TBA1A SECOND SEMESTER 20-11-2012 AN Probability and Random Variables TAA2A 21-11-2012 AN Mathematics for Statistics – II TBA2A THIRD SEMESTER 09-11-2012 FN Distribution Theory TAA3A 19-11-2012 FN â€Å"C† Language Programming TBA3A (TAB) – MATHEMATICS WITH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – FIRST SEMESTER 21-11-2012 FN Core – 1 Algebra And Trigonometry – I TAB1A/SAM1A Core – 2 Calculus And Co-Ordinate Geometry of 2 22-11-2012 FN TAB1B/SAM1B Dimensions 24-11-2012 FN Core – 3 Object Oriented Programming – Using C++ TAB1C SECOND SEMESTER 21-11-2012 AN Core – 5 Algebra And Trigonometry – II TAB2A/SAM2C 22-11-2012 AN Core – 6 Calculus and Differential Geometry TAB2B/SAM2D Core – 7 Data Structures TAB2C 23-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 FN THIRD SEMESTER Differential Equations and Laplace Transforms TAB3A/SAM3A Coordinate Geometry of 3 Dimensions and Probability TAB3B/SAM3B (TAC) – PHYSICS WITH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – FIRST SEMESTER Core – 1 Mechanics And Pro perties of Matter TAC1A SECOND SEMESTER Core – 2 Thermal Physics & Acoustics TAC2A/SAR2B THIRD SEMESTER Optics TAC3A Basic Electronics TAC3B Data Structures TAC3C/TAB2C Object Oriented Programming Using C++ TAC3D/TAB1C B. C. A. [SAZ] COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FIRST SEMESTER Fundamentals of Digital Computers SAU1A SECOND SEMESTER Programming in C SAE1A THIRD SEMESTER Programming in C++ and Data Structures SAZ3A/ SAE3A Microprocessors and its Applications SAZ3B Numerical and Statistical Methods SAZ3C Financial Accounting (Candidates admitted Prior to 2009SBZ3A 2010) Financial Accounting (Candidates admitted from 2009SBZ3B 2010) Financial Accounting (Candidates admitted from 2010- 2011) SBZ3C FOURTH SEMESTER Programming in Java SAZ4A/SAE4A Operating System SAZ4B Computer Graphics SAZ4C Cost and Management Accounting SBZ4A FIFTH SEMESTER Paper-XIII – Database Management System SAZ5A/SAE5B Paper-XIV – Software Engineering SAZ5B Paper-XV – Resource Management Techn iques SAZ5C 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 AN 24-11-2012 FN 0-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 FN 21-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 FN 23-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 AN 23-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 FN 11 ELECTIVES – I Visual Programming RDBMS with ORACLE Unix Programming SIXTH SEMESTER Paper – XVII Web Technology Paper – XVIII – Data Communication and Networking Paper XIX – Software Testing ELECTIVES – II Data Mining E-Commerce Object Oriented Analysis and Design ELECTIVES – III Multimedia Systems Distributed Computing Client Server Computing 22-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 AN 01-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 AN SEZ5A/ SEE5A/SEU6C SEZ5B/ SEE5B/ SEZ5C/ SEE5C SAZ6A/ SAE6B SAZ6B/ SAE6A/SEU6D SAZ6C/ SEE6B/ SEU6G SEZ6A/SEE6A SEZ6B SEZ6C/ SEE6C 08-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 AN 24-11-2012 ANSEZ6D/SEU6A SEZ6G SEZ6E /SEE6D/ SEU6E ALL IED SUBJECTS (For All Branches) – FIRST SEMESTER / THIRD SEMESTER Biochemistry – I SBBBA Paper-I – Bio-Chemistry (Applied Biotechnology) SBBBC Paper-I -Biochemistry (For Biotechnology Br. ) SBC3A Paper-I – Biochemistry (For Microbiology Br. ) Paper – III- Basic Computer Application and AUTOCAD – I (For Interior Design and Decor Br) Paper III Basic Computer science and application (For Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics ) Paper–III Basic Computer science and application–I (For Nutrition, Food Service Managt. And Dietetics Branch) Paper–III Statistics in Psychology (For Psychology Branch) Financial Accounting – I (Com. To B. Com-Gen. BM, BBA, BSc & BSc-ISM) Chemistry– I (Other than Mathematics&Physics Br) Chemistry – I (For Mathematics & Physics Br) Chemistry – I [Microbiology Branch] Interior Design Studio and Building System Technology–I Paper– I Calculus of Finite Difference and N umerical Analysis Paper – I Statistical Methods and their Applications – I [For Botany,Computer Science] Paper – I Microbiology – I [For Bio-Technology] Paper – I Microbiology – I [For Biochemistry) Paper – I Zoology (Admitted prior to 2012-13) Paper – I Zoology (Candidate admitted from 2012-13) Paper–I Mathematical Statistics-I [For Mathematics] Paper – I Principles of Sociology (For Psychology Branch) SBN3A SBK3A SBJ3A/ SBL3A SBL3A/ SBJ3A SBT3A SBAMK/BPF1A/ BPZ1A/ BPW1A/ MAM1A SBADA SBADC SBD1E SBK1A SBAME SBAOC SBANA SBANC SBAAA SBAAC SBAOA SBT1A 23-11-2012 FN 26-11-2012 FN 27-11-2012 FN 28-11-2012 FN 29-11-2012 FN 30-11-2012 FN 01-12-2012 FN Cost Accounting (For Mathematics Branch) Mathematics – I [For Computer Science, Software Engg. , & B. C. A] Mathematics – I [Other than Comp. Sci. , Software Engg & B. C.A] Bio-Statistics I [For Zoology, Biochemistry Br. ] Physics – I Basic Physicsâ₠¬â€œI (For B. Sc. Electronics & Communication Science) SBAMR SBAMA SBAMC SBAOH SBARA SBG3A SBASA Botany – I 12 23-11-2012 AN 26-11-2012 AN 27-11-2012 AN ALLIED SUBJECTS (For All Branches) SECOND SEMESTER/FOURTH SEMESTER Paper – II Genetics and Microbiology (Applied SBBBD Biotechnology) Bio-Statistics (For Microbiology Br. ) SBN4A Paper–IV Book Keeping and Cost Accounting SBJ4A Paper – IV – Basic Computer Application and SBK4A AUTOCAD-II Paper– IV – Basic Computer Science and SBL4A Applications- II Paper – IV – Marketing and Consumer Behavior SBT4A Financial Accounting – II(Com. To B. Com-Gen. SBAML/BPZ2A/BPF2A/ Finance) Chemistry – II (Other than Mathematics & Physics SBADB Branch) Chemistry – II(For Mathematics & Physics Br) SBADD Chemistry-II [Microbiology Br. ] SBD2G Chemistry (For Biotechnology) SBADE Interior Design Studio and Building System SBK2B Technology- II Paper – II Calculus of Fi nite Difference and SBAMG Numerical Analysis Paper–II Statistical Methods and their Applications – SBAOD II [For Botany,Computer Science Branch] Paper – II – Biophysics and Biostatistics SBACB (For Biotechnology) Paper – II Microbiology – II [For Biochemistry] SBAND Paper – II Zoology SBAAB SBAOB SBT2B SBAMS SBAMB SBAMD SBAOJ SBARB SBG4A SBASB 28-11-2012 AN 29-11-2012 AN 30-11-2012 AN 01-12-2012 AN Paper-II Mathematical Statistics-II [For Mathematics Br. Paper-II Fundamentals of Social Anthropology (For Psychology Branch) Management Accounting(For Mathematics Branch) Mathematics – II [For Computer Science, Software Appl. ,& B. C. A] Mathematics-II [Other than Comp. Science, Software Appl. & B. C. A] Bio-Statistics – II [For Zoology, Biochemistry Br] Physics – II Basic Physics–II (For B. Sc. Electronics & Communication Science) Paper – II Botany NON EQUIVALENT SUBJECTS 03-12-2012 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 04-12-2012 05-12-2012 05-12-2012 06-12-2012 06-12-2012 07-12-2012 07-12-2012 08-12-2012 08-12-2012 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 08-12-2012 06-12-2012 07-12-2012 08-12-2012 FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN AN FN FN FN FN FN FNBOTANY Paper–III Cytology and Anatomy Paper-V Microbiology and Plant Pathology Paper–IX Taxonomy and Embryology Paper–X Environmental Biology and Toxicology Paper–XI Plant Physiology and Plant Bio Chemistry Microtechnique Plant Protection Hydrobiology – Freshwater Horticulture Food Microbiology Bio-Technology Plant Cell and Tissue Culture MICROBIOLOGY Paper-II Microbial Physiology Paper – III Immunology Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Immunotechnology Intellectual Property Rights(IPR) and Bio-Safety Fermentation Technology & Downstearm Processing BA3A BA5A BA6A BA6B BA6C RBAA RBAB RBAC RBAD TEC TEG TEH BB2A BB3A RBBA RBBB RBBC RBBD 13 03-12-2012 04-12-2012 05-12-2012 06-12-2012 FN FN FN FNPLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLO GY Paper – X Environmental Science & Phytogeography Paper – XI Plant Physiology Modern Plant Pathology Microtechnique ZOOLOGY Paper – XII Evolution Paper – XII Evolution Biology of Fish and Capture Fisheries Principles of Aquaculture Fish Genetics and Diseases ADVANCE ZOOLOGY AND BIO-TECHNOLOGY BC6B BC6C RBCA RBCB 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 FN 07-12-2012 FN BD6D BD6J ZBEA ZBEB RBEA 03-12-2012 FN Paper – XII Biochemistry BIO-TECHNOLOGY BJ6D 03-12-2012 FN 08-12-2012 FN 08-12-2012 FN Paper – X Intellectual Property Management Biosafety and Bioethics Immunology and Bio Physics Environmental Bio-Technology and DNA Recombidant Technology BIO-CHEMISTRY BK6C ZBDG RBDL 03-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FNEnvironmental Bio-Chemistry Bio-Chyemistry – II Bio Instrumentation CHEMISTRY Paper – IV General Chemistry – IV Applied Chemistry – I Applied Chemistry – II PSYCHOLOGY Paper-IV Applied Social Psycho logy Paper-IV Applied Social Psychology Paper – XI Geriatric Psychology Psychology of Advertising Educational Psychology Rehabilitation Psychology Environmental Psychology Statistical Reasoning in Psychology Environmental Psychology Human Development and Family Studies MATHEMATICS a) The Relational Data Model, Relational Algebra and Calculus b) Elements of System Software NUMERICAL METHODS FOR STATISTICS MAIN PHYSICS Energy Physics Material Science Computer Programming – â€Å"C† Language Molecular Biophysics Spectroscopy and Laser Physics INTERIOR DESIGN AND DECOR RCAA ZCAB ZCAC 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN CB4A RCBA RCBB 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 AN 05-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 AN 06-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 AN 07-12-2012 FN 07-12-2012 AN HG2B HG2D HG5C RHGB KNA/ RGC TWB ZHGB ZHGD ZHGG ZHGH 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN TAH TAK ZPAL 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN RPBE RPBH RPBD RPBG RPBJ 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN Interior Design Studio and Buil ding Systems Techonology-I Interior Design Studio and Building Systems Technology-II SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ZRTA ZRTB 03-12-2012 FN Data Structures PE4B 14ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 05-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 FN 07-12-2012 FN Paper – III Physics of Materials Paper – XII Data Processing and Personal Computers Mathematical Physics Basic Physics Nuclear Electronics NUTRITION, FOOD SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND DIETETICS 03-12-2012 FN 04-12-2012 FN 06-12-2012 FN Consumer Education Paper-II Sanitation & Hygiene Paper-IV Advanced Cookery NAUTICAL SCIENCE 01-11-2012 FN 01-11-2012 AN 02-11-2012 FN 02-11-2012 AN 03-11-2012 FN 03-11-2012 AN 05-11-2012 FN 05-11-2012 AN 06-11-2012 FN 06-11-2012 AN 07-11-2012 FN 07-11-2012 AN 08-11-2012 FN 08-11-2012 AN 09-11-2012 FN 09-11-2012 AN 19-11-2012 FN 19-11-2012 AN 20-11-2012 FN 20-11-2012 AN 21-11-2012 FN Paper-I Nautical Mathematics-I Paper-II Nautical Physics and Electronics-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-II Nau tical Physics and Electronics-I (From 2004-05) Paper-III Navigation-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-III Navigation-I (From 2004-05)(70 Marks) Paper-IV Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-IV Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention-I Paper – V Nautical Mathematics – II Paper – VI Nautical Physics and Electronics – II (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – VI Nautical Physics and Electronics–II (From 2004-05) Paper – VII Ship Operation Technology – I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – VII Ship Operation Technology–I (From 2004-05) (60 Marks) Paper – VIII Naval Architecture – I Paper-IX Marine Engineer-ing & Control Systems-I (Prior to 2004-05) Paper-IX Marine Engineering & Control Systems-I (From 2004-05) Paper – X Navigation – II (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – X Navigation – II (From 2004-05) 70 Marks) Paper- XI Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention–II (Prior to 2004 -05) Paper- XI Voyage Planning & Collision Prevention – II Paper – XII Ship Operation Technology – II (Prior to 2004-05) Paper – XII Ship Operation 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Sports Gambling for Youth in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Principles of Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Principles of Economics - Assignment Example Thus, the price of goods to be sold to them shall be cheaper. Conversely speaking, tourists are less likely to question and be discouraged by imposition of higher prices of goods since they are just visiting the college town. Thus, local residents shall be offered goods and services at lower prices as compared to visitors’ prices of similar goods. Further, locals should be the only ones aware of the pricing difference. They come very often and I am able to make relationships with them brings more revenue to the business. With my price discrimination strategy, I would not only help with the revenue of my business. More importantly, I would also make a profit and gain more customers. 2. Suppose the cable TV industry is currently unregulated. However, due to complaints from consumers that the price of cable TV is too high, the legislature is considering placing a price ceiling on cable TV below the current equilibrium price. If the government does make this price ceiling law, dia gram and explain the effects with supply and demand analysis. If the cable TV company is worried about disgruntling customers, suppose that the company may introduce a different type of programming that is cheaper for the company to provide yet is equally appealing to customers. Explain what would be the effects of this action. - Price Ceiling is actually a government-imposed limit on the price charged for a product in a particular industry. Governments usually require price ceiling to protect consumers from conditions that could make necessary commodities impossible. However, a price ceiling can cause troubles if imposed for a long period without any controlled rationing. Price ceilings can generate negative results when the correct solution would have been to increase supply. In the example given, the price ceiling has a considerable impact on the market. Cable TV Company finds that it cannot charge what it had been before the imposition of price ceiling. This may result TV Cable Company to drop out of the market. The consequence will be a reduced supply. Meanwhile, customers and/or consumers suddenly find they can now buy the product for less, so quantity demanded increases. These two events results in the quantity demanded which may exceed the quantity supplied. This may cause a shortage unless rationing or other consumption controls are imposed. 3. Consider a perfectly competitive market. Analyze and explain in detail using graphical tools to show what you expect to happen to the number of firms and firm profitability in the short run and long run a) if demand for the product falls and b) if demand for the product rises. - A perfect competitive market is filled with buyers and sellers so nothing can affect the market price. If the demand of the product falls it is tolerable because the firm does not pick the price, the firm just chooses how much to make at the given market price. The firm does not lose anything. If the demand for the product increases the n the firm benefits of course and the price is not changed. There is no need to cut the price to sell more because the firm picks the amount they are willing to sell; if the price is increased buyers will fall off. Â   4. Discuss why some long-run average cost curves are steeper on the downward side than others. Discuss fully. - Long run average cost curves show the economies and diseconomies of scale of a specific firm. So when a firm gets

Business Unleashed from A More Perfect Union Essay

Business Unleashed from A More Perfect Union - Essay Example From the issues of evolution, we find out how various forms of past occurrences managed to evolve into currently more sophisticated forms. The brain of mankind, managed to undergoes a transition that saw to it being more powerful and enabled mankind to develop the ingenious inventions which have transformed the world. By looking at the challenges made in the past, decisions could be made basing on these challenges. Solutions resulting from these decisions end up making the whole world a better place (Lasker 41). History created in the USA (United States of America) when president Barrack Obama became the first ever black president. Critics argued that his speeches were the catch point and what made him as famous. Through his eloquence, he was able to move masses, he was able to convince and influence the masses into thinking in line with his beliefs. Ronald Reagan came to be in February 1911. He went to college at Eureka College. He got his first job as the radio sports announcer and further proceeded to Hollywood that was in 1937. As an actor he made seen in fifty films and given the post in the movie as the president of the United Sates of America twice. During the 1950’s he further became a spokesman and worked for General Electric Co. He changed his political ambitions gradually from a democrat who was liberal to the republican who was conservative (Boller 87). He was later elected as the California governor in the year 1966 and successfully went for two terms. The current president Jimmy Cater in 1980 was succeeded by Ronald Reagan as Reagan was sworn in as the president of the United States of America in 1981. Immediately after being sworn as the president of the United States, he was assassinated and in the event endured some wounds. The reign of President Ronald Reagan adopted the aspect of the supply side economists. This was an attempt to try and encourage and initiate a rapid economical growth in the

Strategic Planning (Tourism Focus) Continued Essay - 1

Strategic Planning (Tourism Focus) Continued - Essay Example Masdar City, Masdar Power, Masdar Carbon, Masdar Capital and Masdar Institute (Masdar-b, n.d). This paper will attempt to deal with the company’s Masdar City as this unit is engaged in infrastructural development that lead to the growth of the travel and tourism industry. This unit strives to develop a â€Å"global clean-technology cluster† called Masdar City which is situated â€Å"17km from downtown Abu Dhabi† (Masdar-c, n.d.). Masdar City can be developed as a major tourists’ destination. The company is aiming to develop this city backed with renewable energy and it is well designed with 40,000 residents. The primary essence of the Masdar City is on innovative technologies through R&D. United Arab Emirates (UAE) is now focusing on its tours and travel industry. The UAE Government has aimed to develop its important cities as a popular tourist attraction. For example, in Dubai, the leisure and hotel industry has grown significantly. The travel and tourism industry of Masdar City has a direct competition with Dubai. Moreover, other Gulf countries like Saudi Arab, Kuwait, and Oman etc are also trying to develop their travel and tourism industry. On the other hand, Middle East courtiers like Egypt are major tourist destinations and they are the major competitor of Masdar City in travel and tourism industry (Deulgaonkar, 2011). Tourism and travel industry primarily belong to global market as it targets entire global population. Therefore, the competition in travel and tourism industry is very high. The Masdar is highly respectable company of UAE and it has developed a higher corporate image in the market. The company is a focus-point for the entire nation as it is one the most developed renewable energy company. It has been continuously working for the development of the entire country especially for Abu Dhabi. One of the major tools for the company is its communicational and promotional activities. Its corporate website